Fundamental Philosophy Surgery Series
Head and Neck
Topographic Anatomy | Head and Neck
Frontal bone
The frontal bone is the bone that forms the forehead and roof over most of the cranial structure. It houses the orbits of the eye as well as the nasal cavity, and at birth, it consists of two halves separated by a suture.
Supra-orbital notch
The supra-orbital notch is the foramen, or opening, in the bony border of the upper inner part of the orbit. It serves as the passage for the supraorbital nerve, supraorbital artery, and supraorbital vein.
Superciliary arch
The superciliary arch is the prominence of the frontal bone that is located above the eye. It is caused by the projection of the frontal sinuses.
Glabella
The glabella is the smooth prominence that is located between the eyebrows.
Nasal bone
The nasal bone is either of the two bones which are found in the skull of vertebrates that are located above the fissures positioned at the anterior of the frontal bones. In humans, they are oblong in shape, due to their morphology forming the junction of the bridge of the nose as well as part of the covering of the nasal cavity.
Anterior nares (nostrils)
The anterior nares, or ‘nostrils’, are either of the fleshy lateral walls of the nose located at the nasal cavity's external entrance.
Philtrum
The philtrum is the vertical groove on the median line of the upper lip located about the mouth.
Nasolabial sulci
The nasolabial sulci is the crease that runs from the ala of the nose to the corner of the mouth thereby framing the sides of the external upper mouth.
Tubercle of superior lip
The tubercle of the superior lip is the protuberance which is found at the medial head of the upper lip.
Vermillion border
A vivid reddish orange around either of the two fleshy folds that surround the mouth in humans.
Mental protuberance
The mental protuberance is the bony prominence at the front of the lower jaw forming the chin.
Thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is the chief cartilage of the larynx that consists of two broad lamellae (dermatological membrane layers) joined at an angle. It also forms the Adam's apple.
Jugular notch
The jugular notch is the depression at the top of the sternum situated between its articulation with the two clavicles bordering the intermediate region of the neck and chest.
Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid muscle
The sternal head of sternocleidomastoid muscle is the connective sternal structure at the end of a thick superficial muscle on each side of the neck. It arises by one head from the first segment of the sternum and by a second segment from the inner part of the clavicle. The muscle inserts into the mastoid process as well as the occipital bone, and it acts to bend, rotate, flex, and extend the sternal head structure.
Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid muscle
The clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid muscle is the connective clavicular structure at the end of a thick superficial muscle on each side of the neck. It arises by one head from the first segment of the sternum, and it also arises by a second head from the inner part of the clavicle. The muscle inserts into the mastoid process as well as the occipital bone, and it acts, also, to bend, rotate, flex, and extend the clavicular head structure.
Clavicle
The clavicle is the bone of the shoulder girdle typically serving to link the scapula and the sternum.
Trapezius muscle
The trapezius muscle is the large flat triangular superficial muscle on each side of the upper back.
Brachial plexus
The brachial plexus is the network of nerves lying mostly in the armpit which supplies nerves to the chest, shoulder, and arm.
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
The inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle is the small cavity of muscle that arises from the upper border of the scapula. It is inserted in the body of the hyoid bone, and it acts to draw the hyoid bone in a caudal direction.
External jugular vein
The external jugular vein is any of the several veins found on each side of the neck.
Submandibular gland
The submandibular gland is the gland that is situated in the region below the lower jaw.
Angle of mandible
The angle of the mandible is the angular dimension of the lower jaw with its investing soft parts.
Commissure of lips
The commissure of the lips is the point, or line, of union, or junction, between either of the two fleshy folds that surround the mouth.
Lobule
‘The’ lobule is the small lower lobe of the ear located at its lowest curve.
Ala of nose
The ala of the nose is the wing, or ‘wing-like’, anatomic part, or process, of the portion of the face that bears the nostrils and covers the anterior part of the nasal cavity.
Antitragus
The antitragus is the prominence on the lower posterior portion of the concha which is found along the region of the external ear. It is situated across from the tragus.
Antihelix
The antihelix is the curved elevation of cartilage located within or in front of the helix.
Tragus
The tragus is the prominence in front of the external opening of the outer ear.
Helix
The helix is the incurved rim of the external ear situated along its curved dimensions.
Zygomatic bone
The zygomatic bone is the bone of the face situated below the eye that in mammals that forms part of the zygomatic arch as well as part of the orbit.
Infra-orbital margin
The infra-orbital margin is the region situated beneath the orbit of the eye.
Bones and Ligaments | Skull: Anterior View
Frontal bone
The frontal bone is the bone that forms the forehead and roof over most of the cranial structure. It houses the orbits of the eye as well as the nasal cavity, and at birth, it consists of two halves separated by a suture.
Glabella
The glabella is the smooth prominence that is located between the eyebrows.
Supra-orbital notch (foramen)
The supra-orbital notch is the foramen, or opening, in the bony border of the upper inner part of the orbit. It serves as the passage for the supraorbital nerve, supraorbital artery, and supraorbital vein.
Orbital surface
The orbital surface is the surface lining the occipital cavity where the eyes of the human body's anatomy are found.
Coronal suture
The coronal suture is the suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones.
Nasal bone
The nasal bone is the bone composed of the two bones which are found in the skull of vertebrates where fissures are positioned at the anterior of the frontal bones. In humans, they are oblong in shape, due to their morphology forming the junction of the bridge of the nose as well as part of the covering of the nasal cavity.
Lacrimal bone
The lacrimal bone is the small thin bone making up part of the front inner wall of each orbit and providing a groove for the passage of the lacrimal ducts.
Zygomatic bone
The zygomatic bone is the bone of the face situated below the eye that, in mammals, forms part of the zygomatic arch as well as part of the orbit.
Frontal process
The frontal process is the process of the zygomatic bone articulating with the forward frontal bone. The frontal process forms part of the rear orbit, and it articulates with the rear sphenoid bone posteriorly.
Orbital surface
The orbital surface is the surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity.
Temporal process
The temporal process is the process of the zygomatic bone that (with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone with which it articulates) laterally forms part of the zygomatic arch.
Zygomaticofacial foramen
The zygomaticofacial foramen is the foramen in the zygomatic bone that gives passage to the zygomaticofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve.
Maxilla
The maxilla is the bone composed of the two bones that lie on each side of the upper jaw. It is lateral to the premaxilla, and, in higher vertebrates, bears most of the teeth.
Zygomatic process
The zygomatic process is any of several bony processes that enter into or strengthen the zygomatic arch.
Orbital surface
The orbital surface is the surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity.
Infra-orbital foramen
The infra-orbital foramen is the opening in the maxillary bone just below the lower rim of the orbit that gives passage to the infraorbital artery, nerve, and vein.
Frontal process
The frontal process is the long plate that is part of the maxillary bone and contributes to the formation of the lateral part of the nose and the nasal cavity.
Alveolar process
The alveolar process is the bony ridge or raised thickened border of the upper or lower jaw that contains the sockets for the skull’s teeth.
Anterior nasal spine
The anterior nasal spine is the nasal spine that is formed by the processual union of the two premaxillae. It projects upward between the anterior nares
Parietal bone
The parietal bone is composed of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones.
Nasion
The nasion is the middle point of the nasofrontal suture situated along the intermediary of the upper nasal bone.
Sphenoidal bone
The sphenoidal bone is the winged compound bone found at the base of the cranium.
Lesser wing
The lesser wing is the anterior triangular process on each side of the sphenoid bone which is in front of and much smaller than the corresponding greater wing.
Greater wing
The greater wing is the broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone.
Temporal bone
The temporal bone is the compound bone of the side of the skull of some mammals including humans.
Ethmoidal bone
The ethmoidal bone is the light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits.
Orbital plate
The orbital plate is the thin plate of bone forming the lateral wall enclosing the ethmoidal air cells and forming part of the side of the orbit next to the nose.
Perpendicular plate
The perpendicular plate is the flattened bony lamina of the ethmoid bone that is the largest bony part assisting in forming the nasal septum.
Middle nasal concha
The middle nasal concha is the lower of two thin bony processes of the ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that separates the superior and middle meatuses of the nose.
Inferior nasal concha
The inferior nasal concha is the separate curved bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle meatuses of the nose.
Vomer
The vomer is the bone of the skull of most vertebrates that is situated below the ethmoid region and in the human skull forms part of the nasal septum.
Mandible
The mandible is the lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones.
Ramus
The ramus is the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw that articulates with the skull.
Body
The body is the main part of the lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones.
Mental foramen
The mental foramen is the foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve on the outside of the lower jaw on each side near the chin.
Mental tubercle
The mental tubercle is the prominence on each side of the mental protuberance of the mandible.
Mental protuberance
The mental protuberance is the bony prominence at the front of the lower jaw forming the chin.
Right orbit: frontal and slightly lateral view
The sight of the right side orbital from a front facing perspective.
Orbital surface of frontal bone
A surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture.
Orbital surface of lesser wing of sphenoidal bone
A surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity that forms an anterior triangular process on each side of the sphenoid bone in front of and much smaller than the corresponding greater wing.
Superior orbital fissure
The superior orbital fissure is the opening situated superiorly between the greater wing and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
Optic canal (foramen)
The optic canal is the passage through the orbit of the eye in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone that is traversed by the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
Orbital surface of greater wing of sphenoidal bone
The orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoidal bone is the surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity along a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone.
Orbital surface of zygomatic bone
The orbital surface of the zygomatic bone is the surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity. It is positioned along a bone in the face below the eye that in mammals forms part of the zygomatic arch and part of the orbit.
Zygomaticofacial foramen
The zygomaticofacial foramen is the opening in the zygomatic bone that gives passage to the zygomaticofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve.
Inferior orbital fissure
The inferior orbital fissure is the opening situated inferiorly between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the maxilla.
Infra-orbital groove
The infra-orbital groove in the middle of the posterior part of the bony floor of the orbit that gives passage to the infraorbital artery, vein, and nerve.
Supra-orbital notch
The supra-orbital notch is the notch, or foramen, in the bony border of the upper inner part of the orbit serving for the passage of the supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein.
Posterior ethmoidal foramina
The posterior ethmoidal foramina is the small opening, perforation, or orifice at the rear of a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits.
Anterior ethmoidal foramina
The anterior ethmoidal foramina small opening, perforation, or orifice at the front of a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits.
Orbital plate of ethmoidal bone
The orbital plate of the ethmoidal bone is the thin plate of bone which forms the lateral wall enclosing the ethmoidal air cells and part of the side of the orbit next to the nose.
Lacrimal bone
The lacrimal bone is the bone that houses part of the facilitating structure of glands that produces tears.
Fossa for lacrimal sac
The fossa for the lacrimal sac is the anatomical pit, groove, or depression of the dilated ovular upper end of the nasolacrimal duct. It is situated in a groove formed by the lacrimal bone and the frontal process of the maxilla. It is closed at its upper end and also receives the lacrimal duct.
Orbital process of palatine bone
The orbital process of the palatine bone is the process of the palatine bone that forms part of the floor of the orbit.
Orbital surface of maxilla
The orbital surface of the maxilla is the surface found within the occipital anatomy's housing of the eye cavity which is found along either of the two bones that lie on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth.
Infra-orbital foramen
The infra-orbital foramen is the opening in the maxillary bone just below the lower rim of the orbit that gives passage to the infraorbital artery, nerve, and vein.
Skull: Anteroposterior Radiograph
Sagittal suture: The deeply serrated articulation between the two parietal bones in the median plane at the top of the head.
Lambdoid suture: The deeply serrated articulation of the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones.
Crista galli: An upright process on the anterior portion of the cribriform plate to which the anterior part of the falx cerebri is attached.
Foramen rotundum: A circular aperture in the anterior and medial part of the greater wing of the sphenoid that gives passage to the maxillary nerve.
Maxillary sinus: An air cavity in the body of the maxilla that communicates with the middle meatus of the nose.
Nasal septum: The bony and cartilaginous partition between the nasal passages.
Unerupted teeth: Teeth which have not yet emerged through the gum.
Coronal suture: A suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones.
Lesser wing of sphenoidal bone: An anterior triangular process on each side of the sphenoidal bone in front of and much smaller than the corresponding greater wing.
Superior orbital fissure: One situated superiorly between the greater wing and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Inferior nasal concha: A separate curved bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle meatuses of the nose.
Ramus of mandible: The posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw that articulates with the skull.
Skull: Lateral View
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Greater wing: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Supra-orbital notch (foramen): a notch or foramen in the bony border of the upper inner part of the orbit serving for the passage of the supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein
Glabella: the smooth prominence between the eyebrows
Ethmoidal bone: light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Orbital plate: a thin plate of bone forming the lateral wall enclosing the ethmoidal air cells and forming part of the side of the orbit next to the nose
Lacrimal bone: a small thin bone making up part of the front inner wall of each orbit and providing a groove for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
Fossa for lacrimal sac: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression for the dilated oval upper end of the nasolacrimal duct that is situated in a groove formed by the lacrimal bone and the frontal process of the maxilla, is closed at its upper end, and receives the lacrimal ducts
Nasal bone: either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes that lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity
Maxilla: either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Frontal process: a long plate that is part of the maxillary bone and contributes to the formation of the lateral part of the nose and of the nasal cavity
Infra-orbital foramen: an opening in the maxillary bone just below the lower rim of the orbit that gives passage to the infraorbital artery, nerve, and vein
Anterior nasal spine: the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the two premaxillae and projects upward between the anterior nares
Alveolar process: the bony ridge or raised thickened border of the upper or lower jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth
Zygomatic bone: a bone of the face below the eye that in mammals forms part of the zygomatic arch and part of the orbit
Zygomaticofacial foramen: a small opening, perforation, or orifice of the branch of the zygomatic nerve that supplies the skin of the prominent part of the cheek
Temporal process: a process of the zygomatic bone that with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone with which it articulates laterally forms part of the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic arch: the arch of bone that extends along the front or side of the skull beneath the orbit
Mandible: a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Head of condylar process: the rounded process by which the ramus of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
Mandibular notch: a curved depression on the upper border of the lower jaw between the coronoid process and the condyloid process
Coronoid process: the anterior process of the superior border of the ramus of the mandible
Ramus: the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw that articulates with the skull
Oblique line: situated at an angle and having ne end not inserted on the bone line along the mandible
Body: the main section of the mandible
Mental Foramen: a foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve on the outside of the lower jaw on each side near the chin
Sutural (wormian) bone: a small irregular inconstant plate of bone interposed in a suture between large cranial bones
External occipital protuberance (inion): a prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone midway between the upper border and the foramen magnum that with the external occipital crest gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
Asterion: the point behind the ear where the parietal, temporal, and occipital bones meet
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Temporal bone: a compound bone of the side of the skull of some mammals including humans
Squamous part: of, relating to, or being either the thin anterior upper portion of the temporal bone, the vertical portion of the frontal bone forming the forehead, or the curved expanded portion of the occipital bone behind the foramen magnum
Zygomatic process: any of several bony processes that enter into or strengthen the zygomatic arch
Articular tubercle: a small knobby prominence or excrescence along a joint in the temporal bone
Groove for posterior deep temporal artery: a flowing indentation of two arterial branches that supply a large muscle on each side of the head involved in raising the lower jaw and that arise from the cerebral artery supplying the deep structures of the face
Supramastoid crest: a flowing raised ridge situated above the mastoid bone used especially of inconstant bony ridges of the temporal and parietal bones
External acoustic meatus: the auditory canal leading from the opening of the external ear to the eardrum
Mastoid process: the process of the temporal bone behind the ear that is well developed and of somewhat conical form in adults but inconspicuous in children
Lambdoid suture: the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Temporal fossa: a broad fossa on the side of the skull of higher vertebrates behind the orbit that contains muscles for raising the lower jaw and that in humans is occupied by the temporalis muscle, is separated from the orbit by the zygomatic bone, is bounded laterally by the zygomatic arch, and lies above the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Superior temporal line: curved ridges or lines situated higher up on each side of the skull and chiefly on the parietal bone
Inferior temporal line: curved ridges or lines situated lower along on each side of the skull and chiefly on the parietal bone
Infratemporal fossa exposed by removal of zygomatic arch and mandible: a fossa (exposed by the removal of the arch of bone that extends along the front or side of the skull beneath the orbit and also the lower jaw with its investing soft parts) that is bounded above by the plane of the zygomatic arch, laterally by the ramus of the mandible, and medially by the pterygoid plate, and that contains the masseter and pterygoid muscles and the mandibular nerve
Pterygomaxillary fissure: a vertical gap between the lateral pterygoid plate of the pterygoid process and the maxilla that descends at right angles to the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure and gives passage to part of the maxillary artery and vein
Inferior orbital fissure: one situated inferiorly between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the maxilla
Infratemporal surface of maxilla: the surface of the upper jaw situated below the side of the skull of higher vertebrates behind the orbit
Alveolar foramina: small openings at the part of the jaws where the teeth arise, the air-containing compartments of the lungs, or glands with secretory cells about a central space
Tuberosity of maxilla: rounded prominence of upper jaw
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Greater wing: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone
Infratemporal crest: a transverse ridge on the outer surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone that divides it into a superior portion that contributes to the formation of the temporal fossa and an inferior portion that contributes to the formation of the infratemporal fossa
Lateral plate of pterygoid process: a sidebound bone process extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone
Pterygoid hamulus (of medial plate of pterygoid process): a hook-shaped process forming the inferior extremity of each medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and providing a support around which the tendon of the tensor veli palatini moves
Temporal bone: a compound bone of the side of the skull of some mammals including humans
External acoustic meatus: the auditory canal leading from the opening of the external ear to the eardrum
Mandibular fossa: the depression in each lateral wall of the skull with which the mandible articulates
Articular tubercle: a small knobby prominence or excrescence along a joint in the temporal bone
Styloid process: a sharp spine that projects downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just in front of the stylomastoid foramen and that is derived from cartilage of the second visceral arch
Foramen ovale: an oval opening in the greater wing of the cranial sphenoid bone for passage of a nerve supplying the mouth and jaw
Pterygopalatine fossa: a small triangular space beneath the apex of the orbit that is bounded above by the sphenoid bone and the orbital process of the palatine bone, in front by the maxilla, medially by the palatine bone, and behind by the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that contains among other structures the pterygopalatine ganglion
Sphenopalatine foramen: a foramen between the sphenoidal and orbital parts of the vertical plate of the palatine bone
Skull: Lateral Radiograph
Frontal Sinus: either of two air spaces lined with mucous membrane each of which lies within the frontal bone above one of the orbits
Coronal Suture: a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones
Greater wing of sphenoidal bone: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone
Sphenoidal sinus: either of two irregular cavities in the body of the sphenoid bone that communicate with the nasal cavities
Hypophyseal fossa (selia turcica): the depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the hypophysis
Lambdoid suture: the deeply serrated articulation of the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones
Maxillary sinus: an air cavity in the body of the maxilla that communicates with the middle meatus of the nose
Condyle of mandible: an articular prominence of bone found along the mandible
Mastoid air cells: one of the small cavities in the mastoid process that develop after birth and are filled with air
Coronoid process of mandible: the anterior process of the superior border of the ramus of the mandible
Palatine process of maxilla: a process of the maxilla that projects medially, articulates posteriorly with the palatine bone, and forms with the corresponding process on the other side the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate of the upper jaw
Anterior arch of atlas (C1 vertebra): The forward curve of the C1 vertebra
Dens of axis (C2 vertebra): a pitted section of the C2 vertebra
Skull: Midsagittal Section
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Greater wing: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone
Lesser wing: an anterior triangular process on each side of the sphenoid bone in front of and much smaller than the corresponding greater wing
Anterior clinoid process: a rear slope of the sphenoidal bone
Optic canal: the passage through the orbit of the eye in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone that is traversed by the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
Sella turcica: a depression in the middle line of the upper surface of the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged
Sphenoidal sinus: either of two irregular cavities in the body of the sphenoid bone that communicate with the nasal cavities
Body: the main section of a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Medial and lateral plates of pterygoid process: a long narrow plate that forms the medial part of the pterygoid process, terminates in the pterygoid hamulus, and forms with its lateral surface part of the pterygoid fossa and with its medial surface the lateral boundary of a choana; a broad thin plate that forms the lateral part of the pterygoid process and gives attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle on its lateral surface and to the medial pterygoid muscle on its medial surface
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Frontal sinus: either of two air spaces lined with mucous membrane each of which lies within the frontal bone above one of the orbits
Ethmoidal bone: a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Crista galli: an upright process on the anterior portion of the cribriform plate to which the anterior part of the falx cerebri is attached
Cribriform plate: the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
Perpendicular plate (bony nasal septum): a flattened bony lamina of the ethmoid bone that is the largest bony part assisting in forming the nasal septum
Nasal bone: either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes that lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity
Inferior nasal concha: a separate curved bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle meatuses of the nose
Maxilla: either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Anterior nasal spine: the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the two premaxillae and projects upward between the anterior nares
Nasal surface: the bone surface of the nasal cavity
Incisive canal: a narrow branched passage that extends from the floor of the nasal cavity to the incisive fossa and transmits the nasopalatine nerve and a branch of the greater palatine artery
Palatine process: a process of the maxilla that projects medially, articulates posteriorly with the palatine bone, and forms with the corresponding process on the other side the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate
Alveolar process: the bony ridge or raised thickened border of the upper or lower jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth
Vomer (bony nasal septum): a bone of the skull of most vertebrates that is situated below the ethmoid region and in the human skull forms part of the nasal septum
Palatine bone: a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts
Coronal suture: a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Grooves for branches of middle meningeal vessels: indentations found within the cranium that house the median, medial, or intermediary membrane of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
Temporal bone: a compound bone of the side of the skull
Squamous part: of, relating to, or being either the thin anterior upper portion of the temporal bone
Petrous part: of, relating to, or constituting the exceptionally hard and dense portion of the human temporal bone that contains the internal auditory organs
Internal acoustic meatus: a short auditory canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone through which pass the facial and auditory nerves and the internal auditory artery
Groove for superior petrosal sinus: an indentation for a small superior sinus that connects the cavernous and transverse sinuses of the same side
Opening of vestibular aqueduct: a canal or passage in the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear or the parts (such as the saccule and utricle) of the membranous labyrinth that it contains
Groove for sigmoid sinus: an indentation for a sinus on each side of the brain that is a continuation of the transverse sinus on the same side, follows an S-shaped course to the jugular foramen, and empties into the internal jugular vein
Lambdoid suture: the deeply serrated articulation of the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Groove for transverse sinus: an indentation for either of two large venous sinuses of the cranium that begin at the bony protuberance on the middle of the inner surface of the occipital bone at the intersection of its bony ridges and that terminate at the jugular foramen on either side to become the internal jugular vein
External occipital protuberance (inion): a prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone midway between the upper border and the foramen magnum that with the external occipital crest gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
Jugular foramen: a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus: a larger inferior sinus that is situated in a sulcus on each side formed by the junction of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the basilar portion of the occipital bone and that extends from the posterior inferior end of the cavernous sinus through the jugular foramen to join the internal jugular vein of the same side
Hypoglossal canal: a passage of the hypoglossal nerves
Foramen magnum: the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Occipital condyle: an articular surface on the occipital bone by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Basilar part: a lower portion of the skull situated at the base
View of lateral nasal wall with nasal septum removed:
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Nasal bone: either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes that lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity
Ethmoidal bone: a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Cribriform plate: the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
Superior nasal concha: the upper of two thin bony processes of the ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that forms the upper boundary of the superior meatus of the nose
Middle nasal concha: the lower of two thin bony processes of the ethmoid bone on the lateral wall of each nasal fossa that separates the superior and middle meatuses of the nose
Lacrimal bone: a small thin bone making up part of the front inner wall of each orbit and providing a groove for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
Inferior nasal concha: a separate curved bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle meatuses of the nose
Maxilla: either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Nasal surface: the bone surface of the nasal cavity
Palatine process: a process of the maxilla that projects medially, articulates posteriorly with the palatine bone, and forms with the corresponding process on the other side the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate
Alveolar process: the bony ridge or raised thickened border of the upper or lower jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth
Opening of sphenoidal sinus: opening of either of two irregular cavities in the body of the sphenoid bone that communicate with the nasal cavities
Sphenopalatine foramen: a foramen between the sphenoidal and orbital parts of the vertical plate of the palatine bone
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Body: the main section of the sphenoidal bone
Medial Plates of pterygoid process: a long narrow plate that forms the medial part of the pterygoid process, terminates in the pterygoid hamulus, and forms with its lateral surface part of the pterygoid fossa and with its medial surface the lateral boundary of a choana
Lateral Plates of pterygoid process: a broad thin plate that forms the lateral part of the pterygoid process and gives attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle on its lateral surface and to the medial pterygoid muscle on its medial surface
Pterygoid hamulus: a hook-shaped process forming the inferior extremity of each medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and providing a support around which the tendon of the tensor veli palatini moves
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone: a long thin vertical bony plate forming part of the palatine bone
Horizontal plate of Palatine bone: a plate of the palatine bone that is situated horizontally, joins the bone of the opposite side, and forms the back part of the hard palate
Calvaria
Superior view:
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Coronal suture: a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones
Bregma: the point of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures of the skull
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Sagittal suture: the deeply serrated articulation between the two parietal bones in the median plane of the top of the head
Parietal foramen (for emissary vein): an opening on the topside of the parietal bone found along the sagittal suture that passes through apertures in the skull and connects the venous sinuses of the dura mater with veins external to the skull
Lambda: the midline bony landmark where the lambdoid sutures and sagittal suture meet, between the occipital and two parietal bones
Lambdoid suture: the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones
Sutural (wormian) bone: a small irregular inconstant plate of bone interposed in a suture between large cranial bones
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Inferior view:
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Frontal crest: a median ridge on the internal surface of the vertical part of the human frontal bone
Groove for superior sagittal sinus: an indentation for one of the venous sinuses of the dura mater passing backward in the convex attached superior margin of the falx cerebri and ending at the internal occipital protuberance by fusion with the transverse sinus
Coronal suture: a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Granular foveolae (for arachnoid granulations): any of the small whitish processes that are enlarged villi of the arachnoid membrane of the brain which protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and into depressions in the neighboring bone
Diploe: cancellous bony tissue between the external and internal layers of the skull
Grooves for branches of middle meningeal vessels: indentations found within the cranium that house the median, medial, or intermediary membrane of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
Groove for superior sagittal sinus: one passing backward in the convex attached superior margin of the falx cerebri and ending at the internal occipital protuberance by fusion with the transverse sinus
Sagittal suture: the deeply serrated articulation between the two parietal bones in the median plane of the top of the head
Lambdoid suture: the deeply serrated articulation of the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Cranial Base: Inferior View
Maxilla: either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Incisive fossa: a depression on the front of the maxillary bone above the incisor teeth
Palatine process: a process of the maxilla that projects medially, articulates posteriorly with the palatine bone, and forms with the corresponding process on the other side the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate
Intermaxillary suture: a uniting of parts found joining the two maxillary bones
Zygomatic process: any of several bony processes that enter into or strengthen the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic bone: a bone of the face below the eye that in mammals forms part of the zygomatic arch and part of the orbit
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Pterygoid process: a process extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone
Hamulus: a hook or hooked process of the sphenoid bone
Medial plate: the middle of the sphenoid bone
Pterygoid fossa: a V-shaped depression on the posterior part of each pterygoid process that is formed by the divergence posteriorly of its medial and lateral pterygoid plates and that contains the medial pterygoid muscle and the tensor veli palatini
Lateral plate: the side plate of a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Scaphoid fossa: a shallow oval depression that is situated above the pterygoid fossa on the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that provides attachment for the origin of the tensor veli palatini muscle
Greater wing: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoid bone
Foramen ovale: an oval opening in the greater wing of the cranial sphenoid bone for passage of a nerve supplying the mouth and jaw
Foramen spinosum: an aperture in the greater wing of the sphenoid that gives passage to the middle meningeal artery
Spine: a pointed prominence on the winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Temporal bone: a compound bone of the side of the skull
Zygomatic process: any of several bony processes that enter into or strengthen the zygomatic arch
Articular tubercle: a small knobby prominence or excrescence along a joint in the temporal bone
Mandibular fossa: the depression in each lateral wall of the skull with which the mandible articulates
Styloid process: a sharp spine that projects downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just in front of the stylomastoid foramen and that is derived from cartilage of the second visceral arch
Petrotympanic fissure: a narrow transverse slit dividing the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone
Carotid canal (external opening): the canal by which the internal carotid artery enters the skull
Tympanic canaliculus: a minute canal in a bodily structure of, relating to, or being a membranous resonator in a sound-producing organ
External acoustic meatus: the auditory canal leading from the opening of the external ear to the eardrum
Mastoid canaliculus: a minute canal in the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Mastoid process: the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Stylomastoid foramen: a foramen that occurs on the lower surface of the temporal bone between the styloid and mastoid processes and that forms the termination of the facial canal
Petrous part: of, relating to, or constituting the exceptionally hard and dense portion of the human temporal bone that contains the internal auditory organs
Mastoid notch (for digastric muscle): a slit made to serve as a record of the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Occipital groove (for occipital artery): a valleyed indentation found along the posterior axes of the temporal bone that houses space for an arterial system which is connected to the occipital processes and its accompanying lobe
Jugular fossa (jugular foramen in its depth): a depression on the basilar surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone that contains a dilation of the internal jugular vein
Mastoid foramen: a small opening, perforation, or orifice of the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Hypoglossal canal: a tubular anatomical passage or channel housing the hypoglossal nerves
Occipital condyle: an articular prominence of a bone structurally housed about the base of the occipital region of the cranium
Condylar canal and fossa: an articular prominence of a bone shaped as a tubular anatomical passage or channel that houses an anatomical pit, groove, or depression
Basilar part: a skeletal region of the cranium situated at the base of its form
Pharyngeal tubercle: a small knobby prominence or excrescence found at the base of the cranium that structurally articulates part of the hard matter processes of the pharynx
Foramen magnum: the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Inferior nuchal line: one on each side that extends laterally from the middle of the external occipital crest below and roughly parallel to the superior nuchal line
External occipital crest: a median ridge on the outer surface of the occipital bone that with the external occipital protuberance gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
Superior nuchal line: one on each side that extends laterally in a curve from the external occipital protuberance to the mastoid process of the temporal bone
External occipital protuberance: a prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone midway between the upper border and the foramen magnum that with the external occipital crest gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
Palatomaxillary suture: a uniting of the palate and maxilla
Palatine bone: a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts
Horizontal plate: a plate of the palatine bone that is situated horizontally, joins the bone of the opposite side, and forms the back part of the hard palate
Greater palatine foramen: a foramen in each posterior side of the palate giving passage to the greater palatine artery and to a palatine nerve
Pyramidal process: an anatomical structure resembling a pyramid found at the posterior of the palatine bone
Lesser palatine foramina: small openings, perforations, or orifices found at the lower anterior sections of the palatine bone
Posterior nasal spine: the nasal spine that is formed by the union of processes of the two palatine bones and projects between the choanae
Choanae: either of the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the nasopharynx
Vomer: a bone of the skull of most vertebrates that is situated below the ethmoid region and in the human skull forms part of the nasal septum
Ala: a wing or a winglike anatomic part or process found along the medial upper portions of the anterior of the oral cavity
Groove for pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube: an indentation for a bony and cartilaginous tube connecting the middle ear with the nasopharynx and equalizing air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Foramen lacerum: an irregular aperture on the lower surface of the skull bounded by parts of the temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones that is filled with fibrocartilage, gives passage to several vessels (as emissary veins), and has the internal carotid artery running above its upper surface after exiting the carotid canal
Cranial Base: Superior View
Anterior cranial fossa: the large depression in the anterior aspect of the floor of the cranial cavity that lodges the frontal lobes
Middle cranial fossa: the large depression in the middle aspect of the floor of the cranial cavity that lodges the temporal lobes laterally and the hypothalamus medially
Posterior cranial fossa: the large depression in the posterior aspect of the floor of the cranial cavity that lodges the frontal lobes
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Groove for superior sagittal sinus of the Frontal bone: an indentation for one of the venous sinuses of the dura mater passing backward in the convex attached superior margin of the falx cerebri and ending at the internal occipital protuberance by fusion with the transverse sinus
Frontal crest of the Frontal bone: a median ridge on the internal surface of the vertical part of the human frontal bone
Groove for anterior meningeal vessels of the Frontal bone: the indentation for the vessels of the forward three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
Foramen cecum of the Frontal bone: a shallow depression in the posterior dorsal midline of the tongue that is the remnant of the more cranial part of the embryonic duct from which the thyroid gland developed
Superior surface of orbital part of the Frontal bone: The anterior cranial region housing the surface of the hard skeletal anatomy which structurally composes the region around and about the eye and its forward occipital anatomy
Ethmoidal bone of the Frontal bone: a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part o f those of the orbits
Crista galli of the Frontal bone: an upright process on the anterior portion of the cribriform plate to which the anterior part of the falx cerebri is attached
Cribriform plate of the Frontal bone: the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Lesser wing of the Sphenoidal bone: an anterior triangular process on each side of the sphenoidal bone in front of and much smaller than the corresponding greater wing
Anterior clinoid process of the Lesser wing of the Sphenoidal bone: The forward slope process of the winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Greater wing of the Sphenoidal bone: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of the sphenoidal bone
Groove for middle meningeal vessels (frontal branches) of the Greater wing of the Sphenoidal bone: an indentation situated along the anterior half of the cranium which houses the tract for the intermediate vessels conducting of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
Body of Sphenoidal bone: The main section of the winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Jugum of the Body of the Sphenoidal bone: the anatomical ridge, or groove, connecting the two structures adjacent wings of the sphenoidal bone
Prechiasmatic groove of the Body of the Sphenoidal bone: The groove situated before the 'medial' cross section of the sphenoidal bone
Tuberculum sellae of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone: the prominent process found along the depression in the middle line of the upper surface of the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged
Hypophyseal fossa of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone: the depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the hypophysis
Dorsum sellae of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone: the rear portion of the depression in the middle line of the upper surface of the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged
Posterior clinoid process of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone: the rear slope process of the depression in the middle line of the upper surface of the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged
Carotid groove (for internal carotid artery) of the Sphenoidal bone: a noticeable indentation along the latitudinal axes of the intermediary sphenoidal bone which structurally facilitates the internal carotid artery process
Clivus of Sphenoidal bone: the smooth sloping surface on the upper posterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone supporting the pons and the basilar artery
Temporal bone: the compound bone on the side of the skull
Squamous part of the Temporal bone: the thin anterior upper portion of the temporal bone
Petrous part of the Temporal bone: the exceptionally hard and dense portion of the human temporal bone that contains the internal auditory organs
Groove for lesser petrosal nerve of the Temporal bone: the continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve that passes into the cranial cavity through the petrosal bone and out again to terminate in the otic ganglion which it supplies with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Groove for greater petrosal nerve of the Temporal bone: a mixed nerve that contains mostly sensory and some parasympathetic fibers, arises in the geniculate ganglion, joins with the deep petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve sends sensory fibers to the soft palate with some to the eustachian tube and sends parasympathetic fibers forming the motor root of the pterygopalatine ganglion
Arcuate eminence of the Temporal bone: a curved anatomical protuberance found along the axes of the temporal bone where the raised ridge separating the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa is found
Trigeminal impression of the Temporal bone: an indentation of either of a pair of large mixed nerves that are the fifth cranial nerves and supply motor and sensory fibers mostly to the face
Groove for superior petrosal sinus of the Temporal bone: a valleyed region at the centered forward portion of the posterior cranial fossa which houses a small superior sinus that connects the cavernous and transverse sinuses of the same side
Groove for sigmoid sinus of the Temporal bone: an indentation along the posterior cranial fossa side of the temporal bone ridge housing a sinus on each side of the brain that is a continuation of the transverse sinus on the same side, follows an S-shaped course to the jugular foramen, and empties into the internal jugular vein
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Groove for middle meningeal vessels (parietal branches) of the Parietal bone:
Mastoid angle of the Parietal bone: the skeletal structure housing the angle serving as the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Clivus of the Occipital bone: the smooth sloping surface on the upper anterior part of the body of the occipital bone supporting the pons and the basilar artery
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus of the Occipital bone: an indentation found along the border of the temporal bone and the occipital bone that houses a larger inferior sinus that is situated in a sulcus on each side formed by the junction of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the basilar portion of the occipital bone and that extends from the posterior inferior end of the cavernous sinus through the jugular foramen to join the internal jugular vein of the same side
Basilar part of the Occipital bone: a base, or lowered, portion of the occipital bone situated at the cranium's lowered center
Groove for posterior meningeal vessels of the Occipital bone: a valleyed structure of the occipital bone's lateral form housing the process of any of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
Condyle of the Occipital bone: an articular prominence of bone found along the perimeter of the opening of the skull's base housing the foramen magnum
Groove for transverse sinus of the Occipital bone: an elongated indentation along the posterior sections of the occipital bone that houses either of two large venous sinuses of the cranium that begin at the bony protuberance on the middle of the inner surface of the occipital bone at the intersection of its bony ridges and that terminate at the jugular foramen on either side to become the internal jugular vein
Groove for occipital sinus of the Occipital bone: a valleyed section at the rear portions of the occipital bone - situated behind the foramen magnum - that lines the 'v-shaped' dimensions of the opening's rear
Internal occipital crest of the Occipital bone: a median ridge similarly situated on the inner surface of the occipital bone that bifurcates near the foramen magnum to give attachment to the falx cerebelli
Internal occipital protuberance of the Occipital bone: a prominence situated on the inner surface of the occipital bone midway between the upper border and the foramen magnum that, with the internal occipital crest, gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
Groove for superior sagittal sinus of the Occipital bone: an indentation that is structurally housed at the rear of the skull which houses a venous sinus of the dura mater operating as one passing backward in the convex attached superior margin of the falx cerebri and ending at the internal occipital protuberance by fusion with the transverse sinus
Foramina and Canals of Cranial Base: Inferior View
Nasopalatine nerve of Incisive fossa: a parasympathetic and sensory nerve that arises in the pterygopalatine ganglion, passes through the sphenopalatine foramen, across the roof of the nasal cavity to the nasal septum, and obliquely downward to and through the incisive fossa canal, and innervates especially the glands and mucosa of the nasal septum and the anterior part of the hard palate
Sphenopalatine vessels of Incisive fossa: Vessels located along the surface of the roof of the upper jaw positioned at the anterior focus of the incisors.
Greater palatine nerve and vessels of Greater palatine foramen: The nerve and vessels of the region of the cranium that are housed along the rearward sections of the maxillae located at posterior sections of the oral cavity's upper jaw. All of which are focused at an opening termed as the foramen.
Lesser palatine nerve and vessels of Lesser palatine foramen: The nerves and vessels locate behind the rear most molars of the oral cavity situated within the rear most openings of the upper jaws rounded lining behind the molars and the greater palatine foramen.
Greater petrosal nerve of Foramen lacerum: a mixed nerve that contains mostly sensory and some parasympathetic fibers, arises in the geniculate ganglion, joins with the deep petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve sends sensory fibers to the soft palate with some to the eustachian tube and sends parasympathetic fibers forming the motor root of the pterygopalatine ganglion
Lesser petrosal nerve of Foramen ovale: the continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve that passes into the cranial cavity through the petrosal bone and out again to terminate in the otic ganglion which it supplies with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Mandibular nerve (V3) of Foramen ovale: one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication
Accessory meningeal artery of Foramen ovale: accessory arteries supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures
Middle meningeal vessels of Foramen spinosum: a branch of the first portion of the maxillary artery that is the largest artery supplying the dura mater, enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum, and divides into anterior and posterior branches in a groove in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (V3) of Foramen spinosum: one of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord found along one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication
Internal carotid artery of Carotid canal: the inner branch of the carotid artery that supplies the brain, eyes, and other internal structures of the head found at the canal by which the internal carotid artery enters the skull
Carotid autonomic plexus of Carotid canal: a network of anastomosing or interlacing blood vessels or nerves of either of the two main arteries that supply blood to the head of which the left in humans arises from the arch of the aorta and the right by bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery with each passing up the side of the neck and dividing opposite the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into an external branch supplying the face, tongue, and external parts of the head and an internal branch supplying the brain, eye, and other internal parts of the head found at the canal by which the internal carotid artery enters the skull
Chorda tympani of facial (intermediate) nerve (VIII) of Petrotympanic fissure: a middle branch of the facial nerve that traverses the middle ear cavity and the infratemporal fossa and supplies autonomic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands and sensory fibers to the anterior part of the tongue found within a narrow transverse slit dividing the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone
Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) of Tympanic canaliculus: a branch of a membranous resonator in a sound-producing organ of either of the ninth pair of cranial nerves that are mixed nerves and supply chiefly the pharynx, posterior tongue, and parotid gland found in a minute canal which houses the above membranous resonator
Auricular branch of vagus nerve (X) of Mastoid canaliculus: the auditory branch of either of the 10th pair of cranial nerves housed within a minute body-structure canal that arises from the medulla oblongata and supply chiefly the viscera especially with autonomic sensory and motor fibers found at the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Facial nerve (VII) of Stylomastoid foramen: either of the seventh pair of cranial nerves that supply motor fibers especially to the muscles of the face and jaw and sensory and parasympathetic fibers to the tongue, palate, and fauces that occurs on the lower surface of the temporal bone between the styloid and mastoid processes and that forms the termination of the facial canal
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) of Jugular fossa: either of the ninth pair of cranial nerves that are mixed nerves and supply chiefly the pharynx, posterior tongue, and parotid gland found within a depression on the basilar surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone that contains a dilation of the internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve (X) of Jugular fossa: either of the 10th pair of cranial nerves that arise from the medulla oblongata and supply chiefly the viscera especially with autonomic sensory and motor fibers a depression on the basilar surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone that contains a dilation of the internal jugular vein
Superior bulb of Jugular fossa: a rounded or swollen anatomical structure found in a depression on the basilar surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone that contains a dilation of the internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein of Jugular fossa: a vein that collects the blood from the interior of the cranium, the superficial part of the face, and the neck, runs down the neck on the outside of the internal and common carotid arteries, and unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein along a depression on the basilar surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone that contains a dilation of the internal jugular vein
Mastoid emissary vein of Mastoid foramen: any of the veins that pass through apertures in the skull being the process of the temporal bone behind the ear and connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with veins external to the skull
Posterior meningeal artery of Mastoid foramen: the rearward arteries that supply the three membranes which envelop the brain and spinal cord responsible for supporting the opening of the process found along the temporal bone behind the ear
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) of Hypoglossal canal: either of the 12th and final pair of cranial nerves which are motor nerves arising from the medulla oblongata and supplying muscles of the tongue in higher vertebrates found along and within associated cranial structure of housing facilitation
Medulla oblongata of Foramen magnum: the part of the vertebrate brain that is continuous posteriorly with the spinal cord and that contains the centers controlling involuntary vital functions and is structurally housed within the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Vertebral arteries and venous plexus of Foramen magnum: a large branch of the subclavian artery that ascends through the foramina in the transverse processes of each of the cervical vertebrae, enters the cranium through the foramen magnum, and unites with the corresponding artery of the opposite side to form the basilar artery; it is accompanied by a vein complex housed within the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Spinal roots of accessory nerves (XI) of Foramen magnum: the spinal roots of either of a pair of motor nerves that are the 11th cranial nerves of higher vertebrates, arise from the medulla oblongata and the upper part of the spinal cord, and supply chiefly the pharynx and muscles of the upper chest, back, and shoulders housed within the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Foramina and Canals of Cranial Base: Superior View
Foramen cecum of Emissary vein to superior sagittal sinus: a shallow depression in the posterior dorsal midline of the tongue that is the remnant of the more cranial part of the embryonic duct from which the thyroid gland developed in relation to any of the veins that pass through apertures in the skull and connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with veins external to the skull passing backward in the convex attached superior margin of the falx cerebri and ending at the internal occipital protuberance by fusion with the transverse sinus
Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve of Nasal slit: the forward circulatory complex of the skull found along the nasal tract which is composed of light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve of Anterior ethmoidal foramen: the forward circulatory complex of the skull found along an analogously forward nasal opening which is composed of light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Olfactory nerves of Foramina of cribriform plate: either of the pair of nerves that are the first cranial nerves and that arise in the olfactory neurosensory cells of the nasal mucous membrane and pass to the anterior part of the cerebrum via an opening found in the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone perforated with numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity
Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve of Posterior ethmoidal foramen: the forward circulatory complex of the skull found along a rearward nasal opening which is composed of light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Optic nerve (II) of Optic canal: either of the second pair of cranial nerves that pass from the retina to the optic chiasma and conduct visual stimuli to the brain
Ophthalmic artery of Optic canal: a branch of the internal carotid artery following the optic nerve through the optic foramen into the orbit and supplying the eye and adjacent structures
Oculomotor nerve (III) of Superior orbital fissure: either of the pair of chiefly oculomotor nerves that comprise the third pair of cranial nerves, arise from the midbrain, and supply four muscles of the eye found within the opening transmitting nerves and blood vessels to or from the orbit
Trochlear nerve (IV) of Superior orbital fissure: the fourth of the cranial nerves that supplies some of the eye muscles with motor fibers through the opening situated superiorly between the greater wing and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmitting nerves and blood vessels to or from the orbit - one situated superiorly between the greater wing and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1) of Superior orbital fissure: one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supply sensory fibers to the lacrimal gland, eyelids, ciliary muscle, nose, forehead, and adjoining parts situated superiorly between the greater wing and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Abducent nerve (VI) of Superior orbital fissure: either of the sixth pair of cranial nerves that are motor nerves supplying the rectus on the outer and lateral side of each eye situated superiorly between the greater wing and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
Superior ophthalmic vein of Superior orbital fissure: of the two veins that pass from the orbit, the one that begins at the inner angle of the orbit and passes through its superior part and through the superior orbital fissure to empty into the cavernous sinus
Maxillary nerve (V2) of Foramen rotundum: one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin areas of the middle part of the face, the upper jaw and its teeth, and the mucous membranes of the palate, nasal cavities, and nasopharynx structurally housed as part of a circular aperture in the anterior and medial part of the greater wing of the sphenoid that gives passage to the maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve (V3) of Foramen ovale: one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication structurally housed as an oval opening in the greater wing of the cranial sphenoid bone for passage of a nerve supplying the mouth and jaw
Accessory meningeal artery of Foramen ovale: any accessory artery supplying the meninges of the brain and neighboring structures architecturally housed in an oval opening in the greater wing of the cranial sphenoid bone for passage of a nerve supplying the mouth and jaw
Lesser petrosal nerve of Foramen ovale: the continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve that passes into the cranial cavity through the petrosal bone and out again to terminate in the otic ganglion which it supplies with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers architecturally housed in an oval opening in the greater wing of the cranial sphenoid bone for passage of a nerve supplying the mouth and jaw
Middle meningeal artery and vein of Foramen spinosum: a branch of the first portion of the maxillary artery that is the largest artery supplying the dura mater, enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum (an aperture in the greater wing of the sphenoid that gives passage to the middle meningeal artery) and divides into anterior and posterior branches in a groove in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve of Foramen spinosum: any of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord that is connected to one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication housed within an aperture in the greater wing of the sphenoid that gives passage to the middle meningeal artery
Sphenoidal emissary foramen (of Versalius)(inconstant): An opening in the sphenoidal bone that serves along the emissary bone
Greater petrosal nerve of Foramen lacerum: a mixed nerve that contains mostly sensory and some parasympathetic fibers, arises in the geniculate ganglion, joins with the deep petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve sends sensory fibers to the soft palate with some to the eustachian tube and sends parasympathetic fibers forming the motor root of the pterygopalatine ganglion where its complexes are structurally housed in an irregular aperture on the lower surface of the skull bounded by parts of the temporal, sphenoid, and occipital bones that is filled with fibrocartilage, gives passage to several vessels (as emissary veins), and has the internal carotid artery running above its upper surface after exiting the carotid canal
Internal carotid artery of Carotid canal: the inner branch of the carotid artery that supplies the brain, eyes, and other internal structures of the head and is found in the canal by which the internal carotid artery enters the skull
Internal carotid nerve plexus of Carotid canal: a network of anastomosing or interlacing nerves of either of the two main arteries that supply blood to the head within the canal by which the internal carotid artery enters the skull
Hiatus for Lesser petrosal nerve: a gap or passage in the continuation of the tympanic nerve beyond the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve that passes into the cranial cavity through the petrosal bone and out again to terminate in the otic ganglion which it supplies with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Hiatus for Greater petrosal nerve: a gap or passage in the mixed nerve that contains mostly sensory and some parasympathetic fibers, arises in the geniculate ganglion, joins with the deep petrosal nerve at the entrance of the pterygoid canal to form the Vidian nerve, and as part of this nerve sends sensory fibers to the soft palate with some to the eustachian tube and sends parasympathetic fibers forming the motor root of the pterygopalatine ganglion
Facial nerve (VII) of Internal acoustic meatus: either of the seventh pair of cranial nerves that supply motor fibers especially to the muscles of the face and jaw and sensory and parasympathetic fibers to the tongue, palate, and fauces found in a short auditory canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone through which pass the facial and auditory nerves and the internal auditory artery
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) of Internal acoustic meatus: either of the eighth pair of cranial nerves connecting the inner ear with the brain and transmitting impulses concerned with hearing and balance found in a short auditory canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone through which pass the facial and auditory nerves and the internal auditory artery
Labyrinthine artery of Internal acoustic meatus: a long slender artery that arises from the basilar artery or one of its branches, accompanies the auditory nerve through the internal auditory canal, and is distributed to the inner ear found along a short auditory canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone through which pass the facial and auditory nerves and the internal auditory artery
Opening of vestibular aqueduct of Endolymphatic duct: the opening of a bodily tube or vessel carrying the secretion of the watery fluid in the membranous labyrinth of the ear
Mastoid foramen (inconstant) of Emissary vein (and occasional branch of occipital artery): an opening of any of the veins that pass through apertures in the skull and connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with veins external to the skull
Inferior petrosal sinus of Jugular foramen: a larger inferior sinus that is situated in a sulcus on each side formed by the junction of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the basilar portion of the occipital bone and that extends from the posterior inferior end of the cavernous sinus through the jugular foramen to join the internal jugular vein of the same side with the jugular being a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) of Jugular foramen: either of the ninth pair of cranial nerves that are mixed nerves and supply chiefly the pharynx, posterior tongue, and parotid gland housed within a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve (X) of Jugular foramen: either of the 10th pair of cranial nerves that arise from the medulla oblongata and supply chiefly the viscera especially with autonomic sensory and motor fibers found within a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Accessory nerve (XI) of Jugular foramen: either of a pair of motor nerves that are the 11th cranial nerves of higher vertebrates, arise from the medulla oblongata and the upper part of the spinal cord, and supply chiefly the pharynx and muscles of the upper chest, back, and shoulders found in a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Sigmoid sinus of Jugular foramen: a sinus on each side of the brain that is a continuation of the transverse sinus on the same side, follows an S-shaped course to the jugular foramen, and empties into the internal jugular vein in a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Posterior meningeal artery of Jugular foramen: the artery of the rearward membrane that envelops the brain and spinal cord in a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein
Emissary vein and meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery of Condylar canal (inconstant): any of the veins that pass through apertures in the skull and connect the venous sinuses of the dura mater with veins external to the skull, as well as any of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord, found as connective modularities to the pharyngeal artery which passes through a canal housing of an articular prominence of a bone
Hypoglossal canal of Hypoglossal nerve (XII): a canal housing either of the 12th and final pair of cranial nerves which are motor nerves arising from the medulla oblongata and supplying muscles of the tongue in higher vertebrates
Medulla oblongata of Foramen magnum: the part of the vertebrate brain that is continuous posteriorly with the spinal cord and that contains the centers controlling involuntary vital functions found at an opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Meninges of Foramen magnum: any of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord found at an opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Vertebral arteries of Foramen magnum: a large branch of the subclavian artery that ascends through the foramina in the transverse processes of each of the cervical vertebrae except the last one or two, enters the cranium through the foramen magnum, and unites with the corresponding artery of the opposite side to form the basilar artery found at an opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Meningeal branches of vertebral arteries of Foramen magnum: any of the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord found at an opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Spinal roots of accessory nerves of Foramen magnum: vertebrally situated columnar extensions of either of a pair of motor nerves that are the 11th cranial nerves of higher vertebrates, arise from the medulla oblongata and the upper part of the spinal cord, and supply chiefly the pharynx and muscles of the upper chest, back, and shoulders found at an opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Skull of Newborn
Lateral view: Side view
Sphenoidal fontanelle: any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull found along the winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Frontal bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Squamous part of Frontal bone: a structure consisting of scales or plates in the bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Supra-orbital notch (foramen) of Frontal bone: a notch or foramen in the bony border of the upper inner part of the orbit serving for the passage of the supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein found in the bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Ethmoidal bone: a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Anterior ethmoidal foramen of Ethmoidal bone: The front opening of a light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Orbital plate of Ethmoidal bone: a thin plate of bone forming the lateral wall enclosing the ethmoidal air cells and forming part of the side of the orbit next to the nose housed within the osteological architecture of the light spongy cubical bone forming much of the walls of the nasal cavity and part of those of the orbits
Lacrimal bone: a small thin bone making up part of the front inner wall of each orbit and providing a groove for the passage of the lacrimal ducts
Nasal bone: either of two bones of the skull of vertebrates above the fishes that lie in front of the frontal bones and in humans are oblong in shape forming by their junction the bridge of the nose and partly covering the nasal cavity
Maxilla: an upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused
Infra-orbital foramen of Maxilla: An opening situated beneath the orbit of the upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused
Zygomatic bone: a bone of the face below the eye that in mammals forms part of the zygomatic arch and part of the orbit
Zygomaticofacial foramen of Zygomatic bone: The opening of the branch of the zygomatic nerve that supplies the skin of the prominent part of the cheek of a bone in the face below the eye that forms part of the zygomatic arch and part of the orbit
Palatine bone: a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts
Pyramidal process of Palatine bone: a prominent projecting anatomical structure resembling a pyramid of a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Greater wing of Sphenoidal bone: a broad curved winglike expanse on each side of a winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Lateral plate of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone: The side plate of a process extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone structurally housed in the winged compound bone at the base of the cranium
Hamulus of medial plate of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone: a hook, or hooked process, occurring in the middle of a process extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone
Temporal bone: a compound bone of the side of the skull
Squamous part of Temporal bone: the scale, or plate, structure of a compound bone in the side of the skull
Petrosquamous fissure of Temporal bone: A rock-like scale or plate structure situated as a minute gap in the compound bone of the side of the skull
Petrous part (mastoid process absent) of Temporal bone: A rock-like structure in the compound bone of the side of the skull
Tympanic part (bony external acoustic meatus absent) of Temporal bone: A part of the membranous resonator in a sound-producing organ of the compound bone of the side of the skull
Oval (vestibular) window of Temporal bone: The ovular opening of the central cavity of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear and the parts of the membranous labyrinth that it contains architecturally housed within the compound bone of the side of the skull
Round (cochlear) window of Temporal bone: A round open hollow tube in the inner ear of higher vertebrates containing the constituents of the sensory organs for hearing located within the compound bone of the side of the skull
Styloid process of Temporal bone: a sharp spine found in the compound bone of the side of the skull that projects downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just in front of the stylomastoid foramen that is derived from cartilage of the second visceral arch
Mandibular fossa of Temporal bone: the depression in each lateral wall of the skull with which the mandible articulates its structural morphology in relation to the compound bone of the side of the skull
Zygomatic process of Temporal bone: any of several bony processes that enter into or strengthen the zygomatic arch found within the compound bone of the side of the skull
Occipital bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Mastoid fontanelle of Occipital bone: The process of the temporal bone behind the ear housing of any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull situated within the compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Parietal bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Tuber (eminence) of Parietal bone: A prominent region of either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Squamous suture of of Parietal bone: a scale or plate line of union in an immovable articulation (as between the bones of the skull) found along either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Posterior fontanelle of Parietal bone: The rear region of any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull found along either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Lambdoid suture of Parietal bone: the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones
Anterior fontanelle of Parietal bone: any of the forward spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull
Coronal suture of Parietal bone: a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones of either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Superior view: Upper view
Frontal (metopic) suture of Frontal bone: of or relating to the forehead of the line of union in an immovable articulation (as between the bones of the skull) found in a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Anterior fontanelle of Frontal bone: any of the spaces closed by membranous structures (situated near or toward the head or a part corresponding to the head) between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull situated near the bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Coronal suture of Frontal bone: a suture extending across the skull between the parietal and frontal bones that connects to the bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Sagittal suture of Parietal bone: the deeply serrated articulation between the two parietal bones in the median plane of the top of the head - either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Posterior fontanelle of Parietal bone: The rear region of any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull housed along either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Lambdoid suture of Occipital bone: the lambda-shaped suture that connects the occipital and parietal bones of the compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Frontal Bone: a bone that forms the forehead and roofs over most of the orbits and nasal cavity and that at birth consists of two halves separated by a suture
Parietal Bone: either of a pair of bones of the roof of the skull between the frontal bones and the occipital bones
Occipital Bone: a compound bone that forms the posterior part of the skull and bears a condyle by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Bony Framework of Head and Neck
Temporal bone: a compound bone of the side of the skull
Sphenoidal bone: a winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Temporal fossa: a broad fossa on the side of the skull of higher vertebrates behind the orbit that contains muscles for raising the lower jaw and that in humans is occupied by the temporalis muscle, is separated from the orbit by the zygomatic bone, is bounded laterally by the zygomatic arch, and lies above the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Zygomatic arch: a broad fossa on the side of the skull of higher vertebrates behind the orbit that contains muscles for raising the lower jaw and that in humans is occupied by the temporalis muscle, is separated from the orbit by the zygomatic bone, is bounded laterally by the zygomatic arch, and lies above the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Condylar process of mandible: a broad fossa on the side of the skull of higher vertebrates behind the orbit that contains muscles for raising the lower jaw and that in humans is occupied by the temporalis muscle, is separated from the orbit by the zygomatic bone, is bounded laterally by the zygomatic arch, and lies above the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Mandibular notch: a curved depression on the upper border of the lower jaw between the coronoid process and the condyloid process
Coronoid process of mandible: the anterior process of the superior border of the ramus of the lower jaw which consists of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Lateral pterygoid plate (broken line): a broad thin plate that forms the lateral part of the pterygoid process and gives attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle on its lateral surface and to the medial pterygoid muscle on its medial surface
Hamulus of medial pterygoid plate (broken line): a hook or hooked process (as of a bone) found along a long narrow plate that forms the medial part of the pterygoid process, terminates in the pterygoid hamulus, and forms with its lateral surface part of the pterygoid fossa and with its medial surface the lateral boundary of a choana
Pterygomandibular raphe (broken line): a fibrous seam that descends from the pterygoid hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate to the mylohyoid line of the mandible and that separates and gives rise to the superior constrictor of the pharynx and the buccinator
Ramus of Mandible: the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw that articulates with the skull with the lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Angle of Mandible: the figure formed by two lines extending from the same point of the lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Body of Mandible: the main, central, or principal part of the lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Stylohyoid ligament: a band of fibrous tissue connecting the tip of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the ceratohyal of the hyoid bone
Body of Hyoid bone: the main, central, or principal part of the U-shaped bone or complex of bones that is situated between the base of the tongue and the larynx and that supports the tongue, the larynx, and their muscles
Lesser Horn of Hyoid bone: the smaller section of the U-shaped bone or complex of bones that is situated between the base of the tongue and the larynx and that supports the tongue, the larynx, and their muscles
Greater Horn of Hyoid bone
the larger section of the U-shaped bone or complex of bones that is situated between the base of the tongue and the larynx and that supports the tongue, the larynx, and their muscles
Epiglottis: a thin plate of flexible cartilage in front of the glottis that folds back over and protects the glottis during swallowing
Thyroid cartilage: the chief cartilage of the larynx that consists of two broad lamellae joined at an angle and that forms the Adam's apple
Cricoid cartilage: a cartilage of the larynx which articulates with the lower cornua of the thyroid cartilage and with which the arytenoid cartilages articulate
Trachea: the main trunk of the system of tubes by which air passes to and from the lungs in vertebrates
Mastoid process: the process of the temporal bone behind the ear that is well developed and of somewhat conical form in adults but inconspicuous in children
External acoustic meatus: the auditory canal leading from the opening of the external ear to the eardrum
Atlas (C1): the first vertebra of the neck
Styloid process: a sharp spine that projects downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just in front of the stylomastoid foramen and that is derived from cartilage of the second visceral arch
Axis (C2): the second vertebra of the neck on which the head and first vertebra turn as on a pivot
Stylomandibular ligament: a band of deep fascia that connects the styloid process of the temporal bone to the gonial angle
C3 vertebra: the third vertebra of the neck
C7 vertebra: the seventh vertebra of the neck
T1 vertebra: the eighth vertebra of the neck
1st rib: the first of any of the paired curved bony or partly cartilaginous rods that stiffen the walls of the body of most vertebrates and protect the viscera
Pterygoid Fossae: Posterior and Inferolateral Views
Posterior View: Rear view
External occipital protuberance (inion): a prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone midway between the upper border and the foramen magnum that with the external occipital crest gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
External occipital crest: a prominence on the outer surface of the occipital bone midway between the upper border and the foramen magnum that with the external occipital crest gives attachment to the ligamentum nuchae
Inferior nuchal line: one on each side that extends laterally from the middle of the external occipital crest below and roughly parallel to the superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum: the opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to become the medulla oblongata
Inferior orbital fissure: one situated inferiorly between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and the maxilla
Mastoid process: the process of the temporal bone behind the ear that is well developed and of somewhat conical form in adults but inconspicuous in children
Styloid process: a sharp spine that projects downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just in front of the stylomastoid foramen and that is derived from cartilage of the second visceral arch
Pterygoid fossa: a V-shaped depression on the posterior part of each pterygoid process that is formed by the divergence posteriorly of its medial and lateral pterygoid plates and that contains the medial pterygoid muscle and the tensor veli palatini
Horizontal plate of palatine bone: a plate of the palatine bone that is situated horizontally, joins the bone of the opposite side, and forms the back part of the hard palate
Inferior concha: a separate curved bony plate that is the largest of the three and separates the inferior and middle meatuses of the nose
Tuberosity of maxilla: a large prominence on a bone usually serving for the attachment of muscles or ligaments found along the upper jaw especially of humans and other mammals in which the bony elements are closely fused
Palatine process of maxilla: a process of the maxilla that projects medially, articulates posteriorly with the palatine bone, and forms with the corresponding process on the other side the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate along the upper jaw especially of humans
Incisive fossa: a depression on the front of the maxillary bone above the incisor teeth
Superior nuchal line: one on each side that extends laterally in a curve from the external occipital protuberance to the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Nasal septum: the bony and cartilaginous partition between the nasal passages
Choana (posterior nasal aperture): either of the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the nasopharynx
Mastoid foramen: the opening of the process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Occipitomastoid suture: the line of union in an immovable articulation (as between the bones of the skull) situated along the process of the temporal bone to the rear of the cranium where the occipital lobe is structurally housed
Occipital condyle: an articular surface on the occipital bone by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Lateral pterygoid plate: a broad thin plate that forms the lateral part of the pterygoid process and gives attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle on its lateral surface and to the medial pterygoid muscle on its medial surface
Medial pterygoid plate: a long narrow plate that forms the medial part of the pterygoid process, terminates in the pterygoid hamulus, and forms with its lateral surface part of the pterygoid fossa and with its medial surface the lateral boundary of a choana
Pyramidal process of palatine bone: a prominent projecting anatomical structure resembling a pyramid of a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts
Pterygoid hamulus: a hook-shaped process forming the inferior extremity of each medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and providing a support around which the tendon of the tensor veli palatini moves
Alveolar process of maxilla: the bony ridge or raised thickened border of the upper (or lower) jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth of either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Inferolateral view: the lowerside view
Foramen ovale: an oval opening in the greater wing of the cranial sphenoid bone for passage of a nerve supplying the mouth and jaw
Foramen spinosum: an aperture in the greater wing of the sphenoid that gives passage to the middle meningeal artery
Spine of sphenoidal bone: a sharp rigid process along the winged compound bone of the base of the cranium
Sphenopalatine foramen: a foramen between the sphenoidal and orbital parts of the vertical plate of the palatine bone
Pterygopalatine fossa: a small triangular space beneath the apex of the orbit that is bounded above by the sphenoid bone and the orbital process of the palatine bone, in front by the maxilla, medially by the palatine bone, and behind by the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that contains among other structures the pterygopalatine ganglion
Choanae (posterior nares): either of the pair of posterior apertures of the nasal cavity that open into the nasopharynx
Lateral plate of pterygoid process: the side plate of a process extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone
Medial plate of pterygoid process: the middle plate of a process extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone
Hamulus of pterygoid process: a hook or hooked process (as of a bone) extending downward from each side of the sphenoid bone
Pyramidal process of palatine bone: a prominent projecting anatomical structure resembling a pyramid of a bone of extremely irregular form on each side of the skull that is situated in the posterior part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and that consists of a horizontal plate which joins the bone of the opposite side and forms the back part of the hard palate and a vertical plate which is extended into three processes and helps to form the floor of the orbit, the outer wall of the nasal cavity, and several adjoining parts
Tuberosity of maxilla: a rounded prominence of either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Infratemporal fossa: a fossa that is bounded above by the plane of the zygomatic arch, laterally by the ramus of the mandible, and medially by the pterygoid plate, and that contains the masseter and pterygoid muscles and the mandibular nerve
Alveolar process of maxilla: the bony ridge or raised thickened border of the upper (or lower) jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth of either of the two bones that lie with one on each side of the upper jaw lateral to the premaxilla and that in higher vertebrates bear most of the teeth
Mandible
Head: The topward connective portion of a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Condylar process: the rounded process by which the ramus of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
Coronoid process: the anterior process of the superior border of the ramus of the mandible
Mylohyoid groove: a long narrow channel or depression for a flat triangular muscle on each side of the mouth that is located above the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, extends from the inner surface of the mandible to the hyoid bone, and with its mate on the opposite side forms the floor of the mouth
Retromolar fossa: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression situated or occurring behind the last molar
Oblique line: the axis located along the descent of the lateral jaw wall not perpendicular to the base of the mandible
Submandibular fossa: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression situated in, or performed in the region below the lower jaw
Mylohyoid line: the line just below the groove found along a flat triangular muscle on each side of the mouth that is located above the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, extends from the inner surface of the mandible to the hyoid bone, and with its mate on the opposite side forms the floor of the mouth
Sublingual fossa: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression situated or administered under the tongue
Interalveolar septa: a small cavity or pit situated between the mandibular alveoli within the dividing wall or membrane especially between bodily spaces or masses of soft tissue
Alveolar part (crest): a ridge or prominence on a part of a socket in the jaw for a tooth
Mental foramen: a foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve on the outside of the lower jaw on each side near the chin
Mental protuberance: the bony prominence at the front of the lower jaw forming the chin
Mental tubercle: a prominence on each side of the mental protuberance of the mandible
Base of mandible: the bottom portion of a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Body of Mandible: The main part of a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Angle of Mandible: a corner whether constituting a projecting part or a partially enclosed space found along the structural morphology of a corner whether constituting a projecting part or a partially enclosed space
Ramus of Mandible: the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw that articulates with the skull
Mandibular foramen: An opening found along a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Lingula: a tongue-shaped process or part as a ridge of bone in the angle between the body and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Mandibular notch: a curved depression on the upper border of the lower jaw between the coronoid process and the condyloid process
Neck: The part of the mandible located below the condylar process which extends along the longitudinal process of the posterior jaw’s form
Pterygoid fovea: a small depression in the center of the macula that contains only cones and constitutes the area of maximum visual acuity and color discrimination lying in the region of the inferior part of the sphenoid bone of the vertebrate skull
Inferolareral anterior view: lower rear view
Coronoid process: the anterior process of the superior border of the ramus of the mandible
Head: The topward connective portion of a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Neck: The part of the mandible located below the condylar process which extends along the longitudinal process of the posterior jaw’s form
Mandibular notch: a curved depression on the upper border of the lower jaw between the coronoid process and the condyloid process
Pterygoid fovea: a small depression in the center of the macula that contains only cones and constitutes the area of maximum visual acuity and color discrimination lying in the region of the inferior part of the sphenoid bone of the vertebrate skull
Mylohyoid line: the line just below the groove found along a flat triangular muscle on each side of the mouth that is located above the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, extends from the inner surface of the mandible to the hyoid bone, and with its mate on the opposite side forms the floor of the mouth
Condylar process: the rounded process by which the ramus of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
Lingula: a tongue-shaped process or part as a ridge of bone in the angle between the body and the greater wing of the sphenoid
Mandibular foramen: An opening found along a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Mylohyoid groove: a long narrow channel or depression for a flat triangular muscle on each side of the mouth that is located above the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, extends from the inner surface of the mandible to the hyoid bone, and with its mate on the opposite side forms the floor of the mouth
Ramus of Mandible: the posterior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jaw that articulates with the skull
Angle of Mandible: a corner whether constituting a projecting part or a partially enclosed space found along the structural morphology of a corner whether constituting a projecting part or a partially enclosed space
Body of Mandible: The main part of a lower jaw consisting of a single bone or of completely fused bones
Submandibular fossa: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression situated in the region below the lower jaw
Sublingual fossa: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression situated or administered under the tongue
Digastric fossa: an anatomical pit, groove, or depression for either of a pair of muscles that depress the lower jaw and raise the hyoid bone during swallowing
Superior and inferior mental spines (genial tubercles): either of two small elevations on the inner surface situated higher and lower of each side of the symphysis of the lower jaw of which the superior one on each side provides attachment for the genioglossus and the inferior for the geniohyoid muscle
Mandible of aged person (edentulous): having no teeth
Temporomandibular Joint: the diarthrosis between the temporal bone and mandible that includes the condyloid process below separated by an articular disc from the glenoid fossa above and that allows for the opening, closing, protrusion, retraction, and lateral movement of the mandible
Lateral view: Side view
Joint capsule: a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament: any of the various ligaments of the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible that allows for the movement of the mandible that are in a lateral position or that prevent lateral dislocation of a joint
Sphenomandibular ligament: the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible that allows for the movement of the mandible
Styloid process: a sharp spine that projects downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just in front of the stylomastoid foramen and that is derived from cartilage of the second visceral arch
Stylomandibular ligament: a band of deep fascia that connects the styloid process of the temporal bone to the gonial angle
Mandibular nerve and otic ganglion: the one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the lower jaw, the floor of the mouth, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and the lower teeth and supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and a small parasympathetic ganglion that is associated with the mandibular nerve, is located just below the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone, receives preganglionic fibers from the glossopharyngeal nerve by way of the lesser petrosal nerve, and sends postganglionic fibers to the parotid gland by way of the auriculotemporal nerve
Medial view: Middle view
Joint capsule: a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
Middle meningeal artery: a branch of the first portion of the maxillary artery that is the largest artery supplying the dura mater, enters the cranium through the foramen spinosum, and divides into anterior and posterior branches in a groove in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Auriculotemporal nerve: the branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin of the external ear and temporal region and autonomic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland
Maxillary artery: an artery supplying the deep structures of the face (as the nasal cavities, palate, tonsils, and pharynx) and sending a branch to the meninges of the brain
Inferior alveolar nerve: a branch of the mandibular nerve that passes through the mandibular canal to the mental foramen giving off various branches along the way to the teeth of the lower jaw and finally to the skin of the chin and the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip
Lingual nerve: a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve supplying the anterior two thirds of the tongue and responding to stimuli of pressure, touch, and temperature
Sphenomandibular ligament: the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible that allows for the movement of the mandible
Stylomandibular ligament: a band of deep fascia that connects the styloid process of the temporal bone to the gonial angle
Mylohyoid branch of interior alveolar artery and mylohyoid nerve: adjoining the mylohyoid muscle of any of several arteries supplying the teeth and an external mandibular nerve which supports the flat triangular muscle on each side of the mouth that is located above the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, extends from the inner surface of the mandible to the hyoid bone, and with its mate on the opposite side forms the floor of the mouth
Jaws closed: either of two complex cartilaginous or bony structures in most vertebrates that border the mouth, support the soft parts enclosing it, usually bear teeth on their oral margin, and are an upper that is more or less firmly fused with the skull and a lower that is hinged, movable, and articulated with the temporal bone of either side
Mandibular fossa: the depression in each lateral wall of the skull with which the mandible articulates
Articular disc: a cartilage (as the meniscus of the temporomandibular joint) interposed between two articular surfaces and partially or completely separating the joint cavity into two compartments
Articular tubercle: a small knobby prominence or excrescence especially on an ear joint
Joint capsule: a ligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
Jaws slightly opened (hinge action predominates): either of two complex cartilaginous or bony structures in most vertebrates that border the mouth, support the soft parts enclosing it, usually bear teeth on their oral margin, and are an upper that is more or less firmly fused with the skull and a lower that is hinged, movable, and articulated with the temporal bone of either side
Jaws widely opened (hinge and gliding actions combined): either of two complex cartilaginous or bony structures in most vertebrates that border the mouth, support the soft parts enclosing it, usually bear teeth on their oral margin, and are an upper that is more or less firmly fused with the skull and a lower that is hinged, movable, and articulated with the temporal bone of either side
Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis
Atlas (C1): superior view: The top perspective of the first vertebra of the neck
Anterior tubercle: a rear protuberance near the head of a rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra
Anterior arch: a rear section of vertebra extending in a wroughtly linear curve
Transverse process: either of the two bony processes of a vertebra that project laterally from the neural arch at the junction of a pedicle and lamina and that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments concerned especially with rotation, lateral flexion, and stability of the spinal column
Transverse foramen: a foramen in each transverse process of a cervical vertebra through which the vertebral artery and vertebral vein pass in each cervical vertebra except the seventh
Superior articular surface of lateral mass of occipital condyle: Large joint surface of side vertebral mass supporting of an articular surface on the occipital bone by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Groove for vertebral artery: groove for a large branch of the subclavian artery that ascends through the foramina in the transverse processes of each of the cervical vertebrae except the last one or two, enters the cranium through the foramen magnum, and unites with the corresponding artery of the opposite side to form the basilar artery
Posterior tubercle: the rear region of a protuberance near the head of a rib that articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra
Posterior arch: rear curved lineature of vertebra
Vertebral foramen: opening of vertebra
Lateral mass: vertebral side structure
Articular facet for dens: a smooth flat circumscribed anatomical surface which serve as a vertebral bone joint for the conical shaped process that attaches to the transverse, apical, and alar ligaments
Tubercle for transverse ligament of atlas: the small knobby prominence made at right angles to the long Axis of the body supporting a tough fibrous band of tissue connecting the articular extremities of bones and/or supporting an organ in place
Atlas (C1): inferior view: the bottom perspective of the first vertebra
Posterior tubercle: the rear small knobby prominence
Transverse process: a vertebral section made at right angles to the long axis of the body
Transverse foramen: an opening in each transverse process of a cervical vertebra through which the vertebral artery and vertebral vein pass in each cervical vertebra except the seventh
Inferior articular surface of lateral mass for axis: lesser vertebral side structure joint mass for lower vertebrae
Anterior arch: a forward curved structural form
Anterior tubercle articular facet for dens: a rear small knobby prominence of a smooth flat circumscribed anatomical surface which serves as a vertebral bone joint for the conical shaped process that attaches to the transverse, apical, and alar ligaments
Vertebral foramen: an opening in the spinal bone matrix
Posterior arch: a rear curved structural form of the vertebrae
Posterior tubercle: a rear small knobby prominence
Axis (C2): anterior view: the front perspective of the second vertebra of the spinal column
Dens: the conical shaped process that attaches to the transverse, apical, and alar ligaments
Superior articular facet for atlas: a vertebral process that lies on each side of the neural arch, projects upward and articulates with an inferior articular process of the next more cranial vertebra
Inferior articular facet for C3: a process of a vertebra that lies on each side of the neural arch and projects downward and articulates with a superior articular process of the next more caudal vertebra
Body: main section, or largest uninterrupted portion, of spinal vertebra
Transverse process: either of the two bony processes of a vertebra that project laterally from the neural arch at the junction of a pedicle and lamina and that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments concerned especially with rotation, lateral flexion, and stability of the spinal column
Interarticular part: a vertebral section situated between articulating surfaces
Pedicle: either of two short cylindrical bony processes lying on either side of a vertebra that project posteriorly from the vertebral body and fuse with the laminae to form a neural arch
Anterior articular facet (for anterior arch of atlas): a forward circumscribed sectioning, morphologically situated as a point of osteological connection for the first vertebra of the spinal column
Axis (C2): posterosuperior view: the rear upper view of the second vertebra of the spinal column
Dens: the conical shaped process that attaches to the transverse, apical, and alar ligaments
Superior articular facet for atlas: an upper planar face for the first vertebra of the spinal column
Interarticular part: a vertebral section situated between articulating surfaces
Inferior articular process: a process of a vertebra that lies on each side of the neural arch and projects downward and articulates with a superior articular process of the next more caudal vertebra
Spinous process: a bony process of a vertebra that projects posteriorly from the neural arch and the junction of two laminae and provides attachment for muscles concerned especially with flexion, extension, rotation, and stability of the spinal column
Transverse process: either of the two bony processes of a vertebra that project laterally from the neural arch at the junction of a pedicle and lamina and that provide attachment for muscles and ligaments concerned especially with rotation, lateral flexion, and stability of the spinal column
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas): the rear facing plane of the dens structurally housing of a ligament attachment site
Upper cervical vertebrae, assembled: posterosuperior view: the rear upper view of the neck
Dens: the conical shaped process that attaches to the transverse, apical, and alar ligaments
Superior articular surface for occipital condyle: the upper joint surface on the occipital bone by which the skull articulates with the atlas
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas): the rear planar joint surface of the axial face purposed with receiving the connective spinal tissue bond
Atlas (C1): the first vertebra of the spinal column
Axis (C2): the second vertebra of the spinal column
C3: the third vertebra of the spinal column
C4: the fourth vertebra of the spinal column
Skull of Newborn
Lateral view
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Frontal bone
Squamous part
Supra-orbital notch (foramen)
Ethmoidal bone
Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Orbital plate
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
MaxillaInfra-orbital foramen
Zygomatic boneZygomaticofacial foramen
Palatine bonePyramidal process
Sphenoidal boneGreater wing
Lateral plate of pterygoid process
Hamulus of medial plate of pterygoid process
Temporal boneSquamous part
Petrosquamous fissure
Petrous part (mastoid process absent)
Tympanic part (bony external acoustic meatus absent)
Oval (vestibular) window
Round (cochlear) window
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Zygomatic process
Occipital boneMastoid fontanelle
Parietal boneTuber (eminence)
Squamous suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Anterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Superior view
Frontal (metopic) suture
Anterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Bony Framework of Head and Neck
Temporal bone
Sphenoidal bone
Temporal fossa
Zygomatic arch
Condylar process of mandible
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process of mandible
Lateral pterygoid plate (broken line)
Hamulus of medial pterygoid plate (broken line)
Pterygomandibular raphe (broken line)
Ramus of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Stylohyoid ligament
Body of Hyoid bone
Lesser Horn of Hyoid bone
Greater Horn of Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Atlas (C1)
Styloid process
Atlas (C2)
Stylomandibular ligament
C3 vertebra
C7 vertebra
T1 vertebra
1st rib
Pterygoid Fossae: Posterior and Inferolateral Views
Posterior View
External occipital protuberance (inion)
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Inferior orbital fissure
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Pterygoid fossa
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Inferior concha
Tuberosity of maxilla
Palatine process of maxilla
Incisive fossa
Superior nuchal line Nasal septum
Choana (posterior nasal aperture)
Mastoid foramen
Occipitomastoid suture
Occipital condyle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
Pyramidal process of palatine bone
Pterygoid hamulus
Alveolar process of maxilla
Inferolateral view
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spine of sphenoidal bone
Sphenopalatine foramen
Pterygopalatine fossa
Choanae (posterior nares)
Lateral plate of pterygoid process
Medial plate of pterygoid process
Hamulus of pterygoid process
Pyramidal process of palatine bone
Tuberosity of maxilla
Infratemporal fossa
Alveolar process of maxilla
Mandible
Head
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Mylohyoid groove
Retromolar fossa
Oblique line
Submandibular fossa
Mylohyoid line
Sublingual fossa
Interalveolar septa
Alveolar part (crest)
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Mental tubercle
Base of mandible
Body of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Ramus of Mandible
Mandibular foramen
Lingula
Mandibular notch
neck
Pterygoid fovea
Coronoid process
Head
Neck
Mandibular notch
Pterygoid fovea
Mylohyoid line
Condylar process
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid groove
Ramus of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Submandibular fossa
Sublingual fossa
Digastric fossa
Superior and inferior mental spines (genial tubercles)
Mandible of aged person (edentulous)
Temporomandibular Joint
Lateral view
Joint capsule
Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular (phantom)
Styloid process
Stylomandibular ligament
Mandibular nerve and otic ganglion
Medial view
Joint capsule
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculo temporal nerve
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Mylohyoid branch of interior alveolar artery and mylohyoid nerve
Jaws closed
Mandibular fossa
Articular disc
Articular tubercle
Joint capsule
Jaws slightly opened(hinge action predominates)
Jaws widely opened(hinge and gliding actions combined)
Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis
Atlas (C1): superior view
Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Superior articular surface of lateral mass of occipital condyle
Groove for vertebral artery
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Vertebral foramen
Lateral mass
Articular facet for dens
Tubercle for transverse ligament of atlas.
Atlas (C1): inferior view
Posterior tubercle
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Inferior articular surface of lateral mass for axis
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle Articular facet for dens
Vertebral foramen
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
Axis (C2): anterior view
Dens
Superior articular facet for atlas
Inferior articular facet for C3
Body
Transverse process
Interarticular part
Pedicle
Anterior articular facet (for anterior arch of atlas)
Axis (C2): posterosuperior view
Dens
Superior articular facet for atlas
Interarticular part
Inferior articular process
Spinous process Transverse process
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Upper cervical vertebrae, assembled: posterosuperior view
Dens
Superior articular surface for occipital condyle
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
C3
C4
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Cervical Vertebrae (continued)
Inferior aspect of C3 and superior aspect of C4 showing the sites of the facet and uncovertebral articulations
C3 Inferior aspectInferior articular process and facet
Foramen transversarium
Costal lamella
Area of articulation of left uncinate process of C4
Bifid spinous process
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Pedicle
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Anterior tubercle of Transverse process
Vertebral body
C4 Superior aspectLeft uncinate process
Superior articular process and facet
Articular surface of right uncinate process
Groove for spinal nerve (C4)
Inferior articular process
4th cervical vertebra: anterior view
Superior articular process
Lamina
Inferior articular facet
Foramen transversarium
Body
Spinous process
Uncinate process
Articular surface
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Anterior tubercle of Transverse process
7th cervical vertebra: anterior view
Superior articular process
Septated foramen transversarium
Uncinate process
Articular surface
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Anterior tubercle (inconspicuous) of Transverse process
Body
Inferior articular facet for T1
Bony spicule dividing foramen transversarium
Costal lamella
7th cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens): superior view
Body Uncinate process
Costal lamella
Foramen transversarium*
Inconspicuous anterior tubercle (transverse process)
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous process
Vertebral foramen
Inferior articular process
Superior articular process and facet
Transverse process (posterior tubercle)
Groove for C7 spinal nerve
Foramen transversarium (septated)
Articular surface of uncinate process
Cervical Vertebrae: Uncovertebral Joints
Cervical vertebrae: anterior view
Anterior tubercle of atlas
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Dens of axis
Anterior arch of atlas
Foramen transversarium
Intervertebral foramen (for C3 spinal nerve)
Intervertebral disc
Vertebral body
Inferior articular process (C3)
Superior articular process (C4)
Groove for spinal nerve
Site of uncovertebral joint (cleft of Luschka)
Anterior tubercle of Transverse process
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Carotid tubercle of Chassaignac
Uncinate processes
First rib
The uncovertebral joints of the cervical spine: anterior view (C3 to C7 have been sectioned coronally to expose the joints)
Articular cartilage on dens median atlanto-axial joint complex
Lateral atlanto-axial joint
Facet (zygapophysal) joint between C2 and C3
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Foramen transversarium
Uncinate processes
Anulus fibrosus
Uncovertebral joints (clefts of Luschka)
Nucleus pulposus
Transverse process
Intervertebral foramen (for C7 spinal nerve)
Vertebral boy (C7)
External Craniocervical Ligaments
Anterior view
Basilar part of occipital bone
Pharyngeal tubercle
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Lateral atlanto-axial joint (exposed)
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Atlas (C1)
Capsule of lateral atlanto-axial join
Axis (C2)
Capsule of zygapophysal joint (C3-4)
Posterior view
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Occipital bone
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Transverse process of atlas (C1)
Capsule of lateral atlanto-axial joint
Axis (C2)
Ligamenta flava
Suboccipital nerve
Vertebral artery
Right lateral view
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Ligamenta flava
Ligamentum nuchae
Spinous process of C7 vertebra (vertebra prominens)
Supraspinous ligament
Atlas (C1)
Body of axis (C2)
Intervertebral discs (C2-3 and C3-4)
Zygapophysial joints (C4-5 and C5-6)
Anterior tubercle of C6 vertebra (carotid tubercle of Chassaignac
Vertebral artery T1 vertebra
Internal Craniocervical Ligaments
Upper part of vertebral canal with spinous processes and parts of vertebral arches removed to expose ligaments on posterior vertebral bodies: posterior view
Clivus
Tectorial membrane
Deeper (accessory) part of tectorial membrane (atlanto-axial ligament)
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Atlas (C1)
Capsule of lateral atlanto-axial joint
Axis (C2)
Capsule of zygapophyseal joint (C2-3)
Principal part of tectorial membrane removed to expose deeper ligaments: posterior view
Alar ligaments
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Superior longitudinal band of Cruciate ligament
Transverse ligament of atlas of Cruciate ligament
Inferior longitudinal band of Cruciate ligament
Deeper (accessory) part of tectorial membrane (atlanto-axial ligament)
Cruciate ligament removed to show deeper ligaments: posterior view
Apical ligament of dens
Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament
Alar ligament
Posterior articular facet of dens (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Median atlanto-axial joint: superior view
Alar ligament
Anterior tubercle of atlas
Synovial cavities
Dens
Transverse ligament of atlas
Superficial Arteries and Veins of Face and Scalp
Skin and subcutaneous tissue of Scalp: A part of the dermal tissue under the skin of the integument of the human head which is usually covered with hair in both sexes.
Epicranial aponeurosis of Scalp: A broad flat sheet of dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue that covers, invests, and forms the terminations and attachments of various muscles situated on the cranium.
Middle temporal artery and vein: A branch of the superficial temporal artery that rises just above the zygomatic arch, sends branches to one of the large muscles involved in raising the lower jaw, and intercommunicates with a deep temporal artery.
Zygomatico-orbital artery: An arterial structure that crosses over the zygomatic bone form to the orbital.
Transverse facial artery and vein: An arteriovenous complex that stretches across the face along the axes of the zygomatic bone.
Supra-orbital artery and vein: An arteriovenous complex that is positioned above the orbital.
Supratrochlear artery and vein: One of the terminal branch pairings of the ophthalmic arteriovenous system that ascends upon the forehead from the inner angle of the orbit.
Nasofrontal vein: A forward reaching vein that is found at the cornered connection of the inner-orbital and upper nose.
Dorsal nasal artery vein: An arteriovenous complex that is partly aligned with the upper dorsal axes of the cranium's nasal structure.
Zygomaticotemporal artery and vein: An arteriovenous complex of the zygomatic arch and temporal bone
Angular artery and vein: An arteriovenous complex aligned with the longitudinal symmetry of the orbital and nose.
Zygomaticotemporal facial artery and vein: An arteriovenous complex of the zygomatic arch and temporal bone found along the axes of the face.
Infra-orbital artery and vein: A lower arteriovenous complex positioned below the orbital.
Deep facial vein (from pterygoid plexus): A facial veinal system connected to the pterygoid muscles via a vein plexus that partly facilitates the veinal activity of the face.
Facial artery and vein: An arteriovenous system of the face found along the mandibular structure.
Lingual artery and vein: An arteriovenous system that supports the language producing functions of the nervous system.
Common carotid artery: Either of the two main arteries that supply blood to the head of which the left in humans arises from the arch of the aorta and the right by bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery - with each passing up the side of the neck and dividing opposite the upper border of the thyroid cartilage into an external branch supplying the face, tongue, and external parts of the head as well as an internal branch supplying the brain, eye, and other internal parts of the head.
External carotid artery: The outer branch of the carotid artery that supplies the face, tongue, and external parts of the head.
Internal carotid artery: The inner branch of the carotid artery that supplies the brain, the eyes, and the other internal structures of the head
Internal jugular vein: A vein that collects the blood from the interior of the cranium, the superficial part of the face and the neck, runs down the neck on the outside of the internal and common carotid arteries, and unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
Common facial vein: A vein found along the longitudinal axes of the jugular that supports circulatory activity throughout the neck and face.
Retromandibular vein: A posterior vein situated behind the lower jaw.
External jugular vein (cut): A smaller and more superficial vein that collects most of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and deep parts of the face and opens into the subclavian vein.
Posterior auricular artery and vein: A small arteriovenous complex that supplies or gives off branches supplying the back of the ear and the adjacent region of the scalp, the middle ear, tympanic membrane, and mastoid cells.
Occipital artery and vein (cut): An arteriovenous complex positioned at the rear of the skull that supplies the occipital functions of the cranium with supporting circulatory processes.
Mastoid emissary vein and meningeal branch of occipital artery (posterior meningeal artery): An arteriovenous complex that passes through apertures in the skull and connects the venous sinuses of the dura mater with veins external to the skull. All of which is processuated along the temporal bone behind the ear and the rear membranes of the enveloped brain and spinal cord. Both of the previously written structural regions, the temporal bone and rear membranes, are found connected to the occipital anatomy.
Anterior auricular arteries: Arteries positioned as forward branches of the ear's anatomy.
Frontal Branches of superficial temporal artery and vein: An anterior arteriovenous complex positioned at the surface of the dermis alongside the sideborne temporal axes of the face.
Parietal Branches of superficial temporal artery and vein: A posterior arteriovenous complex positioned at the surface of the dermis alongside the sideborne parietoaxes of the face.
Parietal emissary vein: A vein that passes from the superior sagittal sinus inside the skull through a foramen in the parietal bone to connect with the veins of the scalp.
Sources of arterial supply of face: A term coined to articulate the systemic modularity and track of blood flow that supplies the face with circulatory activity and capacity.
Internal carotid artery (via ophthalmic artery): The internal carotid artery namely supplies the forehead and nasal regions of the face along the medial longitudinality of the aforewritten dermal housing.
External carotid artery: The external carotid artery supplies the latitudinal portions of the face as well as the sideborne stretches of the entirety of the cranium.
Cutaneous Nerves of Head and Neck
From ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1): Originating from one of the three major divisions of the trigeminal nerve which supplies sensory fibers to either of a pair of large mixed nerves that are the fifth cranial nerves which supply motor and sensory fibers mostly to the face.
Supra-orbital nerve: A branch of the frontal nerve supplying the forehead, scalp, cranial periosteum, and adjacent parts with nerve function.
Supratrochlear nerve: A branch of the frontal nerve supplying the skin of the forehead and the upper eyelid with nerve function.
Palpebral branch of lacrimal nerve: A small branch of the ophthalmic nerve near the eyelids that enters the lacrimal gland with the lacrimal artery and supplies the lacrimal gland, the adjacent conjunctiva, and the skin of the upper eyelid with nerve function.
Infratrochlear nerve: Either of the fourth pair of cranial nerves underneath the eyelids that supplies some of the eye muscles with motor fibers.
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve: The outer divisions of the forward positioned nerves alongside the sides of the nostrils.
From maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2): Originating from one of the three major branches or divisions of the trigeminal nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin areas of the middle part of the face, the upper jaw, the teeth of the maxilla, and the mucous membranes of the palate, nasal cavities, and nasopharynx.
Infra-orbital nerve: A facial nerve situated below the eye.
Zygomaticofacial nerve: A facial nerve situated along the axes of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch.
Zygomaticotemporal nerve: A facial nerve situated both above the orbital and along the temporal area of the head directly above the zygomatic arch.
From mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3): Either of a pair of large mixed nerves that are the fifth cranial nerves which supply motor and sensory fibers mostly to the face from a division of the lower jaw with its investing soft parts.
Mental nerve: A branch of the inferior alveolar nerve that emerges from the bone of the mandible near the mental protuberance and divides into branches which are distributed to the skin of the chin and to the skin and mucous membranes of the lower lip.
Buccal nerve: A nerve division supplying the cheek.
Auriculotemporal nerve: The branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies sensory fibers to the skin of the external ear, the temporal region, and the autonomic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland.
Auricular branch of vagus nerve (X): Either of the 10th pair of cranial nerves that arise from the medulla oblongata and chiefly supply the viscera. This is done especially with autonomic sensory fibers and motor fibers positioned along the ear or hearing senses.
Medial branches of dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves: Nerves situated near the posterior of the vertices on each side of the lower jaw that articulate with the skull along the spine of the neck.
Greater occipital nerve (C2): The medial branch of the second cervical nerve that innervates the scalp at the top of the head.
3rd occipital nerve (C3): The third occipital nerve along the medial branches of the nervous sequence found along the spine of the cervix.
From 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th nerves in succession below: The 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th nerves found along the cervical spinal nerve sequence.
Branches from cervical plexus: A plexus formed by the anterior divisions of the four upper cervical nerves.
Lesser occipital nerve (C2): A nerve plexus found at the rear of the cranium and cervix that leads to the temporal sectionings of the occipital nerve complex.
Great auricular nerve (C2, 3): A nerve plexus located below the ear that functions as a neurological complex which aids in the sense of hearing.
Transverse cervical nerve (C2, 3): The spinal nerves of the cervical region which cross over the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the upper regions of the neck underneath the mandible.
Supraclavicular nerves (C3, 4): The nerves situated or occurring above the clavicle.
Trigeminal nerve (V): Either of a pair of large mixed nerves that are the fifth cranial nerves and supply motor and sensory fibers mostly to the face.
Ophthalmic nerve (V1): Nerves situated near the eye.
Maxillary nerve (V2): Nerves situated near and along the upper jaw.
Mandibular nerve (V3): Nerves situated near and along the lower jaw.
Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves: The neural region of the cranial nerve plexus that is housed along the rear section of the skull which articulates a connection between the mandible and the posterior dorsal axes.
Note: Auricular branch of vagus nerve to external acoustic meatus and small area on posteromedial surface of auricle and concha via facial nerve: An auditory branch of cranial nerves that follow along the natural passages formed behind the rear of the ear's concave medial tissue - TRANSLATION: The hearing branch of an autonomic cerebrospinal auditory nerve which is connected to the outer sound passages AND the rear middle surface of the ear, as well as its internal concave surface via a facial nerve.
Branches from cervical plexus: Plexus divisions formed by the anterior divisions of the four upper cervical nerves.
Facial Nerve Branches and Parotid Gland
Parotid gland
Posterior auricular nerve
Facial nerve emerging from stylomastoid foramen
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle and to stylohyoid muscle
Temporal branches
Zygomatic branches
Parotid duct (of Stensen)
Buccal branches
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Horizontal section of Parotid Gland
Trunk of facial nerve
Mastoid process
Medial pterygoid muscle
Ramus of mandible
Masseter muscle
Parotid gland
Temporofacial division
Posterior auricular nerve
Trunk of facial nerve
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle and to stylohyoid muscle
Cervicofacial division
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Muscles of Facial Expression: Lateral View
Skin and subcutaneous tissue of scalp
Epicranial aponeurosis of Scalp
Temporal fascia
Orbital part of Orbicularis oculi muscle
Palpebral part of Orbicularis oculi muscle
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
Corrugator supercilli muscle (frontalis and orbicularis oculi, partially cut away)
Procerus muscle
Levator labii superioris muscle
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (partially cut away)
Transverse part of Nasalis muscle
Alar part of Nasalis muscle
Depressor septi nasi muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Zygomatic minor muscle
Zygomaticus major muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Mentalis muscle
Modiolus (circled region)
Depressor anguli oris muscle
Buccinator muscle
Risorius muscle
Platysma muscle
Sternum
Clavicle
Auricularis anterior muscle
Auricularis superior muscle
Auricularis posterior muscle
Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
Parotid fascia
Masseteric fascia
Investing layer of (deep) cervical fascia
Fascial Layers of Neck
Cross section
Superficial (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia
Infrahyoid fascia
Pretracheal (visceral) fascia (thyroid capsule)
Buccopharyngeal (visceral) fascia
Carotid sheath
Subcutaneous tissue
Superficial (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia roofing posterior cervical triangle
Fat in posterior cervical triangle
Prevertebral layer of (deep) cervical fascia
Alar fascia
Retropharyngeal space
Cervical vertebra (C7)
Deep cervical muscles
Trapezius muscle
Levator scapulae muscle
Longus colli muscle
Middle and posterior scalene muscle
Spinal nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Anterior scalene muscle
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve (X)
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Esophagus
Thyroid gland
Sternothyroid muscle
Trachea
Sternohyoid muscle
Platysma muscle
Skin
Sagittal section
Oropharynx
Buccopharyngeal (visceral) fascia
Retropharyngeal space
Alar fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Trachea
Esophagus
Skin
Mandible
Geniohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid fascia
Investing layer of (deep) cervical fascia
Fascia of infrahyoid muscles
Pretracheal (visceral) fascia
Thyroid gland
Subcutaneous tissue
Supraternal space (of Burns)
Manubrium of sternum
Aorta Pericardium
Muscles of Neck: Anterior View
Masseter muscle
Parotid gland
Platysma muscle (cut away)
Mastoid process
Hyoid bone
Carotid sheath
Fascia of infrahyoid muscles (pretracheal layer) and cut edge
Thyroid cartilage
Investing layer of (deep) cervical fascia and cut edge
Cricoid cartilage
Pretracheal layer of (deep) cervical fascia over thyroid gland and trachea
Suprasternal space (of Burns)
Manubrium of sternum
Jugular notch
Sternal head of Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Clavicular head of Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Pectoralis major muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Clavicle
Deltoid muscle
Trapezius muscle
Scalene
muscles
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle
Internal jugular vein
External carotid artery
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendo
Submandibular gland
Mylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Infrahyoid and Suprahyoid Muscles
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Thyrohyoid muscle
Thyroid cartilage
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Sternohyoid muscle
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Scalene muscle
Trapezius muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Trachea
Clavicle
Sternohyoid muscle (cut)
Thyroid gland
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)(cut)
Sternothyroid muscle
Cricothyoid muscle
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles (cut)
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Muscles of Neck: Lateral View
Parotid gland (cut)
Ramus mandible
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Longus capitis muscle
Splenius capitis muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Levator scapulae muscle
Posterior of Scalene muscles
Middle Scalene muscles
Anterior Scalene muscles
Brachial plexus
Trapezius muscle
Acromion
Deltoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Clavicle
Pectoralis major muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle of Clavicular head
Sternocleidomastoid muscle of Sternal head
Manubrium of sternum
Sternothyroid muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Thyrohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Body of mandible
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Submandibular gland
Masseter muscle
Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
Basilar part of occipital bone
Jugular process of occipital bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Longus capitis muscle
Posterior tubercle of transverse process of axis (C2)
Longus colli muscle
Anterior of Scalene muscles
Middle of Scalene muscles
Posterior of Scalene muscles
Phrenic nerve
Brachial plexus (trunks)
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein
Right common carotid artery
Posterior tubercle of transverse
process of C7 vertebra
1st rib
Anterior scalene muscle (cut)
Middle of Scalene muscles
Posterior of Scalene muscles
Slips of origin of posterior scalene muscle
Slips of origin of anterior scalene muscle (cut)
Anterior Tubercles of transverse process of C3 vertebra
Posterior Tubercles of transverse process of C3 vertebra
Transverse process of atlas (C1)
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Rectus capitis anterior muscle
Occipital condyle
Longus capitis muscle (cut)
Superficial Veins and Cutaneous Nerves of Neck
Submental vein
Facial artery and vein
Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
Hyoid bone
Retromandibular vein
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Communicating vein
Great auricular nerve
Thyroid cartilage
Transverse cervical nerves
Thyroid gland
Trapezius muscle
Platysma muscle (cut)
Supraclavicular nerves
Sternoclediomastoid muscle
Inferior thyroid vein
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Clavicle
Pectoralis major muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
Brachial plexus
Phrenic nerve
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)(cut)
Middle thyroid vein
Ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid muscle
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Superior thyroid artery and vein
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Thyrohyoid muscle
External carotid artery
Omohyoid muscle (cut)
Parotid gland
Mylohyoid muscle
Submandibular gland
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Platysma muscle (cut)
Nerves and Vessels of Neck
Anterior branch retromandibular vein
Retromandibular vein
Posterior branch retromandibular vein
Posterior auricular vein
Lesser occipital nerve
Great auricular nerve
External jugular vein
Accessory nerve (XI)
Supraclavicular nerves
Facial vein
Common facial vein
Transverse cervical nerves
Great auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut, reflected superiorly)
C2 spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Accessory nerve (XI)
C3 spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Levator scapulae muscle
Middle scalene muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
C5 spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Transverse cervical artery
Phrenic nerve
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)(cut)
Brachial plexus
Dorsal scapular artery
Suprascapular artery
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cerivcalis
Vagus nerve (X)
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery and vein
Nerves and Vessels of Neck (continued)
Cervical plexus: schema
(S = gray ramus superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
To geniohyoid muscle
To thyrohyoid muscle
Communication to vagus nerve
Transverse cervical nerves
To omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
To sternothyroid muscle
To sternohyoid muscle
To omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Supraclavicular nerves
Phrenic nerve
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Great auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
To rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis, and rectus capitis anterior muscles
To longus capitis and longus colli muscles
To scalene and levator scapulae muscles
Right anterior dissection
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Ascending cervical artery
Phrenic nerve
Anterior scalene muscle
Inferior thyroid artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Dorsal scapular artery
Costocervical trunk
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery and vein
Thyroid gland (retracted)
Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
Vagus nerve (X)
Vertebral artery
Common carotid artery
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Brachiocephalic trunk
Internal jugular vein (cut)
Carotid Arteries
Parotid space (bed): right lateral dissection
Styloid process
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle (posterior belly) (cut)
Occipital artery and sternocleidomastoid branch
Accessory nerve (XI)
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
Vagus nerve (X)
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and carotid body
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Branch to thyrohyoid muscle
Hyoid to bone
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Hyoglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Stylohyoid muscle
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Posterior auricular artery
External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Transverse facial artery
Superficial temporal artery
Right external carotid artery branches: schema
Superficial temporal artery
Digastric muscle (phantom)
Occipital artery
Descending branch
Sternocleidomastoid branch
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Common carotid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Vertebral artery
Omohyoid muscle (phantom)
Superior thyroid artery and superior laryngeal branch
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Transverse facial artery
Nose
Anterolateral view
Frontal bone
Nasal bones
Frontal process of maxilla
Lateral process of septal nasal cartilages
Septal cartilage
Minor alar cartilage
Accessory nasal cartilage
Lateral crus of Major alar cartilage
Medial crus of Major alar cartilage
Nasal septal cartilage
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
Alar fibrofatty tissue
Infra-orbital foramen
Inferior view
Lateral crus of Major alar cartilage
Medial crus of Major alar cartilage
Alar fibrofatty tissue
Nasal septal cartilage Intermaxillary suture
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
Superficial temporal artery
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
Supra-orbital artery and nerve
Supratrochlear artery and nerve
Procerus muscle
Corrugator supercilii muscle
Dorsal nasal artery
Infratrochlear nerve
Angular artery
External nasal artery and nerve
Nasalis muscle (transverse part)
Infra-orbital artery and nerve
Lateral nasal artery
Transverse facial artery
Nasalis muscle (alar part)
Depressor septi nasi muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Facial artery
Superior and inferior labial arteries
Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity
Frontal sinus
Superior nasal concha
Superior nasal meatus
Middle nasal concha
Agger nasi
Atrium of middle nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
Vomeronasal organ
Limen nasi
Nasal vestibule
Inferior nasal meatus
Palatine process of maxilla
Incisive canal
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Hypophysis (pituitary gland) in sella turcica
Sphenoidal sinus
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged)
Basilar part of occipital bone
Pharyngeal raphe
Choana
Torus tubarius
Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngeal recess
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Soft palate
Speculum view
Middle nasal concha
Middle nasal meatus
Bulging septum
Airway to nasopharynx
Inferior nasal concha
Inferior nasal meatus
Floor of nasal cavity
Frontal sinus
Probe passing from semilunar hiatus into frontal sinus via frontonasal duct
Middle nasal concha (cut surface)
Ethmoidal bulla
Openings of middle ethmoidal cells
Semilunar hiatus (osteomeatal unit) with opening of anterior ethmoidal air cells
Uncinate process
Vomeronasal organ
Inferior nasal concha (cut surface)
Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Inferior nasal meatus
Opening of maxillary sinus
Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Torus tubarius
Basilar part of occipital bone
Superior nasal meatus with opening of posterior ethmoidal cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Probe in opening of sphenoidal sinus
Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone.
Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity (continued)
Squamous part of Frontal bone
Sinus of Frontal bone
Nasal spine of Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Agger nasi
Lateral process of nasal septal cartilage
Major ajar cartilage
Alar fibrofatty tissue
Frontal process of Maxilla
Anterior nasal spine of Maxilla
Incisive canal of Maxilla
Palatine process of Maxilla
Alveolar process
Inferior nasal concha
Horizontal plate of Palatine bone
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Posterior nasal spine of Palatine bone
Orbital process of Palatine bone
Sphenoidal process of Palatine bone
Sphenoidal sinus of Sphenoidal bone
Medial plates of pterygoid of Sphenoidal bone
Lateral plates of pterygoid of Sphenoidal bone
Pterygoid hamulus of Sphenoidal bone
Basilar part of occipital bone
Sphenopalatine foramen
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Middle nasal concha of Ethmoidal bone
Uncinate process of Ethmoidal bone
Cribriform plate of Ethmoidal bone
Superior nasal concha of Ethmoidal bone
Highest nasal concha of Ethmoidal bone
Lacrimal bone
Frontal sinus
Opening of frontonasal canal
Middle nasal concha (cut away)
Infundibulum leading to frontonasal canal
Semilunar hiatus (osteomeatal unit) with opening of anterior ethmoidal air cells
Uncinate process
Inferior nasal concha (cut away)
Opening of nasolacrimal canal
Ethmoidal bulla
Opening of middle ethmoidal cells
Superior nasal concha (cut away)
Openings of posterior ethmoidal cells
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Openings into maxillary sinus
Sphenopalatine foramen
Ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha
Lesser palatine foramen
Greater palatine foramen
Medial Wall of Nasal Cavity (Nasal Septum)
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasal septum
Choanae (posterior nasal apertures)
Lateral process of nasal septal cartilage
Major alar cartilage
Nasal vestibule
Anterior nasal spine
Incisive canal
Oral cavity
Tongue
Soft palate
Falx cerebri
Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone
Dura mater
Sella turcica
Pharyngeal tonsil
Torus tubarius
Squamous part of Frontal bone
Sinus of Frontal bone
Nasal spine of Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Vomer
Groove for nasopalatine nerve and vessels
Septal cartilage
Major alar cartilage (medial crus)
Anterior nasal spine of Maxilla
Nasal crest of Maxilla
Incisive canal of Maxilla
Palatine process of Maxilla
Crista galli of Ethmoidal bone
Cribriform plate of Ethmoidal bone
Perpendicular plate of Ethmoidal bone
Crest of Sphenoidal bone
Body Sphenoidal bone
Sphenoidal sinus of Sphenoidal bone
Medial plates of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone
Lateral plates of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone
Basilar part of occipital bone
Pharyngeal tubercle
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Nasal crest of Palatine bone
Posterior nasal spine of Palatine bone
Horizontal plate of Palatine bone
Lesser palatine foramen of Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Nerves of Nasal Cavity
Distribution of olfactory mucosa
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Lateral internal nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate
Olfactory tract
Posterior superior lateral nasal branches from maxillary nerve (V2)
Maxillary nerve (V2) (sphenopalatine foramen dissected away)
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve (V2)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2) passing to septum (cut)
Posterior inferior lateral nasal branch from greater palatine nerve (V2)
Olfactory nerves (I)
Greater Palatine nerves (V2)
Lesser Palatine nerves (V2)
Nasal septum
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate
Olfactory tract
Medial internal nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory nerve (I)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Incisive canal
Arteries of Nasal Cavity: Nasal Septum Turned Up
Nasal septum (turned up)
Schematic hinge
Anterior septal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Anterior lateral nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Alar branches of lateral nasal branch (of facial artery)
Anastomosis between posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery in incisive canal
Greater palatine artery
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Greater palatine foramen and artery
Lesser palatine foramen and artery
External carotid artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Maxillary artery
Posterior lateral nasal branches of sphenopalatine artery
Sphenopalatine foramen
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery
Septal and lateral nasal branches of posterior ethmoidal artery
Anastomosis between posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery in incisive canal
Nasal septal branch of superior labial branch (of facial artery)
Nerves of Nasal Cavity: Nasal Septum Turned Up
Nasal septum (turned up)
Schematic hinge
Medial internal nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Lateral internal nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Internal nasal branches of infra-orbital nerve (V2)
Nasal branch of anterior superior alveolar nerve (V2)
Communication between greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves at incisive canal
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Greater palatine nerve (V2)
Lesser palatine nerves (V2)
Posterior inferior lateral nasal branch of greater palatine nerve (V2)
Greater and lesser palatine nerves (V2)
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Sphenopalatine foramen (dissected away)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Incisive canal
Olfactory nerves (I)
Nose and Maxillary Sinus: Transverse Section
Major Alar cartilage
Nasal vestibule
Nasal septal cartilage
Facial vein
Maxillary sinus
Masseter muscle
Coronoid of process of mandibule
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube
Neck of mandible
Parotid gland
Retromandibular vein
Glosso-pharyngeal nerve (IX)
Styloid process
Auricular cartilage
Mastoid air cells
Facial nerve (VII)
Internal jugular vein
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Internal carotid artery
Medulla oblongata
Stylohyoid muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Sympathetic trunk
Superficial temporal artery
Rectus capitis anterior muscle
Longus capitis muscle
Pharyngeal recess
Levator veli palatini muscle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid muscle
Sphenoidal bone
Maxillary bone
Facial artery
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Paranasal Sinuses
Coronal section
Falx cerebri
Brain
Nasal cavities
Nasal septum
Middle nasal concha
Middle nasal meatus
Maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal meatus
Inferior nasal concha
Hard palate
Oral cavity
Genioglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Olfactory bulbs
Frontal sinus
Orbital fat
Ethmoidal cells
Opening of maxillary sinus
Infra-orbital Recesses of maxillary sinus
Zygomatic Recesses of maxillary sinus
Alveolar Recesses of maxillary sinus
Buccinator muscle
Alveolar process of maxilla
Body of tongue
Sublingual gland
Mandible (body)
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Horizontal section
Eyeball
Ethmoidal cells
Orbital fat and muscles
Sphenoidal sinuses
Optic chiasm
Nasal cavities
Nasal septum
Medial wall of orbit
Optic nerve (II)
Brain
Paranasal Sinuses (continued)
Sagittal section
Frontal sinus
Opening of frontonasal duct
Semilunar hiatus (osteomeatal unit)
Uncinate process
Opening of maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal concha (turbinate
Ethmoidal air cells (sinuses)
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Middle nasal concha (cut away)
Lateral dissection
Frontal sinus
Orbit
Roots of teeth
Opening into middle nasal meatus
Pterygopalatine fossa
Maxillary sinus
Paranasal Sinuses: Changes with Age
Bones of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses at birth
Part of nasolacrimal duct that formed in depths of nasooptic furrow
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasolacrimal foramen (becomes bony canal)
Part of nasolacrimal duct within nasal cavity with slit-like opening in inferior nasal meatus
Maxilla
Uncinate process of ethmoidal bone
Semilunar hiatus
Maxillary sinus with opening into semilunar hiatus (striped area represents membrane forming most of medial wall of sinus)
Palatine bone
Pterygoid hamulus
Middle nasal concha (cut edge) (inferior nasal concha completely removed)
Superior nasal meatus
Lower border of superior nasal concha
Lower border of highest nasal concha
Medial plate of pterygoid process
Vestigial remnant of Rathke's pouch
Hypophyseal fossa
Body of sphenoidal bone
Sphenoidal sinus within bony shell (sphenoidal concha) located anterior and lateral to body of sphenoidal bone (broken line indicates sinus lateral to sphenoid body)
Sinuses represent two or more posterior ethmoidal cells opening into superior nasal meatus
Sinus represents one or more middle ethmoidal cells opening into middle nasal meatus
Sinus represents one more or more anterior ethmoidal cells opening into semilunar hiatus of middle nasal meatus
Growth of frontal and maxillary sinuses throughout life
Frontal sinus within frontal bone
Middle nasal concha
Nasal septum
Nasal cavity
Inferior nasal concha
Palate
Molar tooth
Maxillary sinus
Left orbit
Salivary Glands
Temporalis tendon
Superficial temporal artery and vein and auriculotemporal nerve
Branches of facial nerve (VII)
Transverse facial artery
Accessory parotid gland
Parotid duct
Buccinator muscle (cut)
Masseter muscle
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Tongue
Frenulum of tongue
Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts (of Rivinus)
Sublingual caruncle with opening of submandibular duct
Sublingual gland
Submandibular duct
Sublingual artery and vein
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Submandibular gland
Facial artery and vein
Hyoid bone
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common trunk receiving facial, anterior branch of retromandibular, and lingual veins (common facial vein)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
External jugular vein
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Retromandibular vein (anterior and posterior divisions)
Parotid gland
Tongue and Salivary Glands: Sections
Horizontal section below lingula of mandible (superior view) demonstrating bed of parotid gland
Orbicularis oris muscle
Buccinator muscle
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Facial artery and vein
Pterygomandibular raphe
Lingual nerve and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Masseter muscle
Palatoglossus muscle in palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeus muscle in palatopharyngeal arch
Ramus of mandible
Inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve to mylohyoid
Medial pterygoid muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Facial nerve (VII)
Retromandibular vein
External carotid artery
Parotid gland
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery, and nerves IX, X, and XII in carotid sheath
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Buccopharyngeal fascia and retropharyngeal space
Prevertebral fascia
Longus capitis muscle
Coronal section posterior to 1st molar tooth (anterior view) demonstrating beds of sublingual and submandibular glands
Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Vertical and transverse muscles of tongue
Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Styloglossus muscle
Buccinator muscle
Muscles of facial expression
Hyoglossus muscle
Genioglossus muscle
Sublingual salivary gland
Submandibular duct
Mandibular canal, inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve
Lingual nerve
Nerve to mylohyoid
Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve (to lingual vein)
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Submandibular salivary gland
Submandibular lymph node
Mylohyoid muscle
Facial vein
Intermediate digastric tendon
Hyoid bone
Muscles Involved in Mastication
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
Levator labii superioris muscle
Zygomaticus minor muscle
Zygomaticus major muscle
Levator anguli oris muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Mentalis muscle
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
Depressor anguli oris muscle
Buccinator muscle
Parotid duct (of Stensen)
Deep part of Masseter muscle
Superficial part of Maseter muscle
Articular disc of temporomandibular joint
Zygomatic arch
Deep layer
Superficial layer
Temporal fascia
Temporalis muscle
Muscles Involved in Mastication (continued)
Lateral view
Articular disc of temporomandibular joint
Articular tubercle
Lateral pterygoid muscle (superior and inferior heads)
Sphenomandibular ligament
Medial pterygoid muscle
Parotid duct (of Stensen)
Buccinator muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Posterior view
Otic ganglion
Sphenomandibular ligament
Masseteric nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Masseteric artery
Medial pterygoid nerve
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
Medial pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
Nerve to mylohyoid
Internal carotid artery
Choanae
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Foramen ovale
Lateral pterygoid plate
Temporomandibular join
Lateral pterygoid muscle (superior and inferior heads)
Medial pterygoid muscle
Tensor veli palatini muscle (cut)
Levator veli palatini muscle (cut)
Pterygoid hamulus
Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Lateral view
Meningeal branch
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Posterior auricular nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Chorda tympani nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve (cut)
Nerve to mylohyoid
Medial pterygoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Submandibular gland
Sublingual nerve
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Inferior alevolar nerve (cut)
Mental nerve
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Sublingual gland
Submandibular ganglion
Buccal nerve and buccinator muscle (cut)
Lateral pterygoid nerve and muscle
Masseteric nerve
Posterior Deep temporal nerves
Anterior Deep temporal nerves
Temporal fascia and temporalis muscle
Anterior division
Posterior division
Foramen ovale
Medial view
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Anterior division
Tensor veli palatini nerve and muscle
Otic ganglion
Chorda tympani nerve
Medial pterygoid nerve and muscle (cut)
Pterygoid hamulus
Lingual nerve
Motor root
Sensory root
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Tympanic cavity
Chorda tympani nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Tensor tympani muscle and nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
Nerve to mylohyoid
Inferior alveolar nerve entering mandibular foramen
Maxillary Artery
Lateral pterygoid artery and muscle
Supra-orbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
Ophthalmic artery
Dorsal nasal artery
Angular artery
Infra-orbital artery
Posterior of Superior alveolar arteries
Middle of Superior alveolar arteries
Anterior of Superior alveolar arteries
Buccal artery and nerve
Medial pterygoid artery and muscle
Pterygoidmandibular raphe
Lingual nerve
Facial artery
Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery
Submental
Anterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Posterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Masseteric artery and nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Facial nerve
Inferior alveolar artery and nerve
Sphenomandibular ligament
Mylohyoid nerve to mylohyoid artery
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
External carotid artery
Facial artery
Lingual
Mylohyoid artery and nerve
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior lateral nasal branch
Infra-orbital artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior septal branches
Posterior septal branches
Greater (descending) palatine artery
Buccal artery
Anastomosis in incisive canal
Left and right greater palatine arteries
Left and right lesser palatine arteries
Pterygoid arteries
Masseteric artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Styloglossus muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Facial artery
External carotid artery
Tonsillar artery
Tonsillar branches
Ascending palatine artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Superficial temporal artery
Auriculo-temporal nerve
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Anterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Posterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Artery of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal artery
Sphenopalatine foramen
Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2) nerves
Communicating branch
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Long and short ciliary nerves
Ciliary ganglion
Lacrimal nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Frontal nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Zygomatic nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ganglionic branches to pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
Infra-orbital nerve entering
Infra-orbital canal
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Infra-orbial nerve
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve
Zygomaticfacial nerve
Zygomatictemporal nerve
Cutaneous branch of lacrimal nerve
Infratrochlear nerve (from nasociliary nerve)
Supratrochlear nerve
Supra-orbital nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Autonomic Innervation of Nasal Cavity
Superior salivatory nuclear (parasympathetic)
Facial nerve (VII)
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Greater petrosal nerve (sympathetic)
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Maxillary nerve (V2) entering foramen rotundum
Pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa
Lateral and medial posterior superior nasal branches in pterygopalatine fossa
Infra-orbital nerve
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Sympathetic trunk
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter (T1-T5)
Superior cervical ganglion
Internal carotid artery
Internal carotid nerve and plexus
Tympanic cavity
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Posterior superior alveolar nerves
Maxillary sinus
Postsynaptic fibers to vessels (sympathetic) and glands (parasympathetic) of nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and palate
Nasopalatine nerve
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygoid canal (behind ganglion branches connecting maxillary nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion)
Maxillary nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Lacrimal nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Zytomatico-temporal nerve
Zygomatic-facial nerve
Infra-orbital nerve
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Posterior wall of right maxillary sinus (cut)
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Communication between greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves, and anastomosis between posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery in incisive canal
Lesser and greater palatine arteries
Dental branches of superior alveolar artery
Anterior and middle superior alveolar arteries
External carotid artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Descending palatine artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Infra-orbital artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Artery of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal artery
Posterior lateral nasal branches of sphenopalatein artery
Nasopalatine nerve (septal branch)
Posterior superior and inferior lateral nasal branches of maxillary nerves
Anterior perspective of fossa with lower facial skeleton removed
Orientation of Nerves and Vessels of the Cranial Base
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Internal carotid artery (cavernous part)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior petrosal sinus
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Greater petrosal nerve
Internal carotid artery (petrosal part) and venous plexus
Cochlea
Anterior semicircular canal
Inferior tympanic artery and tympanic nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Stapedius
Sigmoid sinus
Internal carotid artery (cerebral part)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Artery and nerve of pterygoid canal
Ophthalmic nerve
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary nerve
Pteryopalatine ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Ophthalmic artery
Infra-orbital nerve
Optic nerve (II)
Maxillary ostium
Mastoid cells
Internal carotid nerve and sympathetic plexus
Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
Accessory nerve (XI)
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve (X)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Superior cervical ganglion
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Greater and lesser palatine arteries and nerves
Descending palatine artery
Right medial pterygoid palate
Maxillary sinus
Maxillary artery
Inspection of Oral Cavity
Philtrum
Soft palate
Palatopharyngeal arch
Uvula
Palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
Posterior wall of pharynx
Frenulum of upper lip
Lingual minor salivary gland
Deep lingual artery and veins and lingual nerve
Fimbriated fold
Submandibular duct
Sublingual gland
Frenulum of tongue
Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts
Sublingual caruncle with openings of submandibular duct (of Wharton)
Frenulum of lower lip
Tubercle of upper lip
Parotid papilla with opening of parotid duct (of Stensen)
Roof of Oral Cavity
Anterior view
Incisive papilla
Transverse palatine
Palatine raphe
Palatine process of maxilla
Palatine glands
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Palatine aponeurosis (from tensor veli palatini muscle)
Uvular muscle
Molar minor salivary glands
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Incisive fossa
Greater palatine artery and nerve
Greater palatine foramen
Lesser palatine foramen
Lesser palatine artery and nerves
Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
Pterygoid hamulus
Interdigitating fibers of levator veli palatini muscle
Buccinator muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Palatoglossus muscle
Posterior view
Levator veli palatini muscle (cut)
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle (cut)
Medial pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
Levator veli palatini muscle (cut)
Palatopharyngeus muscle (cut)
Uvular muscle
Basilar part of occipital bone
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Levator veli palatine muscle
Choanae
Pterygoid hamulus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut)
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Floor of Oral Cavity
Lateral, slightly inferior view
Hyoglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Median raphe between mylohyoid muscles
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Greater horn of Hyoid bone
Lesser horn of Hyoid bone
Body of Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Anteroinferior view
Hyoglossus muscle
Median raphe between mylohyoid muscles
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Mylohyoid muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Posterosuperior view
Sublingual gland
Lingual nerve
Sublingual gland
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Superior mental spine (genial tubercle) for origin of genioglossus muscle
Hyoglossus muscle (cut)
Lesser horn of Hyoid bone
Body of Hyoid bone
Greater horn of Hyoid
Geniohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Submandibular gland and duct (of Wharton)
Nerve to mylohyoid and artery
Inferior alveolar nerve and artery
Tongue
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Palatoglossus muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Genioglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Geniohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Intermediate tendon of digastric muscle (cut)
Hyoglossus muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)(cut)
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Glossopharyngeal part of superior pharyngeal constrictor
Styloglossus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Styloid process
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)(cut)
Mastoid process
Lateral view
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Deep lingual artery and venae comitantes
Artery to frenulum
Submandibular duct (of Wharton)
Genioglossus muscle
Sublingual artery and vein
Geniohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve
Dorsal lingual artery and vein
Suprahyoid artery
Lingual vein
Common trunk for facial retromandibular, and lingual veins (common facial vein)
Facial vein
Retromandibular vein
Internal jugular vein
External carotid artery
Lingual artery
Hyoglossus muscle (cut)
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Palatoglossus muscle (cut)
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tongue (continued)
Dorsum of tongue
Root
Body
Apex
Epiglottis
Median glossoepiglottic fold
Lateral glossoepiglottic fold
Vallecula
Palatopharyngeal arch and muscle (cut)
Palatine tonsil (cut)
Lingual tonsil (lingual nodules)
Palatoglossus arch and muscle (cut)
Foramen cecum
Terminal sulcus
Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papilla
Fungiform papilla
Midline groove (median sulcus)
Schematic stereogram: area indicated above
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papilla
Keratinized tip of papilla
Intrinsic muscle
Lingual tonsil
Duct of gland
Crypt
Lymph follicles
Mucous glands
Vallate papilla
Taste buds
Furrow
Lingual glands (serous glands of von Ebner)
Afferent Innervation of Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Trigeminal (V) (maxillary V2)Via superior alveolar nerves
Via pterygopalatine ganglion and nasopalatine and greater and lesser palatine nerves
Facial (VII) (intermediate nerve of Wrisberg)Via greater petrosal nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, and greater and lesser palatine nerves
Glossopharyngeal (IX)Via pharyngeal plexus
Via tonsillar branches
Taste plus general sensation via lingual branches
Trigeminal (V) (maxillary V2)Via pharyngeal branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Facial (VII) (intermediate nerve)Via greater petrosal nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion
Trigeminal (V) (maxillary V2)Via pterygopalatine ganglion and nasopalatine and greater and lesser palatine nerves
Via superior alveolar nerves
Trigeminal (V) (mandibular V3)Via buccal nerve
Via inferior alveolar
Teeth
Deciduous (primary) Usual age of eruption
Central incisor (8-10 months)
Lateral incisor (8-10 months)
Canine (cuspid) (16-20 months)
1st molar (15-21 months)
2nd molar (20-24 months)
2nd molar (20-24 months)
1st molar (15-21 months)
Canine (cuspid) (16-20 months)
Lateral incisor (15-21 months)
Central incisor (6-9 months)
Permanent Usual age of eruption
Central incisor (7th year)
Lateral incisor (8th year)
Canine (cuspid) (11th-12th year)
1st premolar (9th year)
2nd premolar (10th year)
1st molar (6th year)
2nd molar (12th-13th year)
3rd molars (17th-25th year)
2nd molar (12th-13th year)
1st molar (6th year)
2nd premolar (10th year)
1st premolar (9th year)
Canine (cuspid) (11th-12th year)
Lateral incisor (8th year)
Central incisor (7th year)
Upper permanent teethIncisive fossa
Palatine process of maxilla
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Greater and lesser palatine foramina
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canines
1st premolars
2nd premolars
1st molars
2nd molars
3rd molars
Lower permanent teeth
Central Incisors
Lateral Incisors
Canines
1st premolars
2nd premolars
1st molars
2nd molars
3rd molars
Teeth (continued)
Crown
Neck
Root
Enamel
Dentine and dentinal tubules
Interglobular spaces
Odontoblast layer
Interproximal spaces
Dental pulp containing vessels and nerves
Gingival (gum) epithelium (stratified)
Gingival groove
Lamina propria of gingiva (gum) (mandibular or maxillary periosteum)
Periodontium (alveolar periosteum)
Papilla
Cement
Root (central) canals containing vessels and nerves
Bone
Apical foramina
Left upper permanent teeth: labiobuccal view
Central Incisors
Lateral Incisors
Canines (cuspids)
Premolar 1
Premolar 2
Molar 1
Molar 2
Molar 3
Left lower permanent teeth: labiobuccal view
Central Incisors
Lateral Incisors
Canines (cuspids)
Premolar 1
Premolar 2
Molar 1
Molar 2
Molar 3
Pharynx: Median Section
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasal septum
Nasopharynx
Soft palate
Palatine glands
Hard palate
Oral cavity
Incisive canal
Palatine tonsil
Body of tongue
Oropharynx
Foramen cecum
Lingual tonsil
Genioglossus muscle
Root of tongue
Epiglottis
Mandible
Geniohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Hyo-epiglottic ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Laryngopharynx
Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Esophagus
Esophageal muscles
Thyroid gland
Superficial (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Suprasternal space (of Burns)
Manubrium of sternum
Sella turcica
Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
Pharyngeal tonsil
Pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
Pharyngeal raphe
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Apical ligament of dens
Anterior arch of atlas (C1 vertebra)
Dens of axis (C2 vertebra)
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Bucco-pharyngeal fascia
Retro-pharyngeal space
Prevertebral fascia and anterior longitudinal ligament
Muscles of Pharynx: Sagittal Section
Medial pterygoid plate
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Levator veli palatini muscle
Palatine aponeurosis and tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
Pharyngeal tubercle (basilar part of occipital bone)
Pharyngeal raphe
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Apical ligament of dens
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Muscles of soft palate
Palatopharyngeal sphincter (Passavant's ridge)
Pterygoid hamulus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Buccinator muscle
Glossopharyngeal part of superior pharyngeal constrictor
Stylopharngeus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Styloglossus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Fibers to pharyngoepiglottic fold
Buccopharyngeal fascia and retropharyngeal space
Prevertebral fascia and anterior longitudinal ligament
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Inferior pharyngeal and constrictor muscle
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Cricoid attachment of longitudinal esophageal muscle
Circular esophageal muscle
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
Pharynx: Opened Posterior View
Choanae
Base of skull (basilar part of occipital bone)
Pharyngeal tonsil
Styloid proces
Nasal septum
Torus tubarius
Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngeal recess
Parotid gland
Torus levatorius (fold caused by levator veli palatini muscle)
Inferior nasal concha
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Soft palate
Angle of mandible
Submandibular gland
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Root of tongue
Palatopharyngeal arch
Prominence caused by greater horn of hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
Prominence caused by superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Aryepiglottic fold
Piriform fossa (recess)
Cuneiform tubercle
Fold over internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Corniculate tubercle
Interarytenoid notch
Prominence over lamina of cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Muscles of Pharynx: Partially Opened Posterior View
Basilar part of occipital bone
Styloid process
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Accessory muscle bundle from petrous part of temporal bone (petropharyngeus muscle)
Medial pterygoid muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Pharyngeal raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Hyoid bone (tip of greater horn)
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Epiglottis
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cuneiform tubercle
Corniculate tubercle
(Transverse and oblique) arytenoid muscles
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
Pharyngeal tubercle
Pharyngeal tonsil
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Choana
levator veli palatini muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Uvula
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Root of tongue
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Pharyngo-epiglottic fold
Aryepiglottic fold
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut edge)
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage lamina
Cricoid attachment of longitudinal esophageal muscle
Circular esophageal muscle
Fauces
Medial view of sagittal section
Sphenoidal sinus
Pharyngeal tonsil
Torus tubarius
Pharyngeal tubercle (basilar part of occipital bone)
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Hard palate
Pharyngeal recess
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Soft palate
Palatine glands
Uvula
Semilunar fold
Supratonsillar fossa
Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
Oropharynx
Triangular fold
Tongue (drawn anteriorly and inferiorly)
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Vallecula
Pharyngeal mucosa removed
Pharyngeal tonsil
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Medial pterygoid plate
Tensor veli palatini muscle and tendon
Levator veli palatini muscle
Ascending palatine artery
Pharyngeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
Lesser palatine artery
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Pterygoid hamulus
Pterygomandibular raphe
Tonsillar branch of lesser palatine artery
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tonsillar branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
Palatoglossus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Tonsillar branch of ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar branch of facial artery
Tonsillar branch of dorsal lingual artery
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and tonsillar branch
Stylohyoid ligament
Hyoglossus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Pharyngoesophageal Junction
Posterior view with pharynx opened and mucosa removed
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Root of tongue
Epiglottis
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle of Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Stylopharyngeus muscle of Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Pharyngoepiglottic fold
Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
Thyroid cartilage (superior horn)
Thyrohyoid membrane
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery and vein
Oblique arytenoid muscle
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Thyroid cartilage
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (thryopharyngeus)
Pharyngeal aponeurosis (cut away)
Zone of sparse muscle fibers
Cricopharyngeus (muscle) part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Cricoid cartilage (lamina)
Cricoid-esophageal tendon (attachment of longitudinal esophageal muscle)
Circular esophageal muscle
Esophageal mucosa and submucosa
Circular muscle in V-shaped area (of Laimer)
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
Window cut in longitudinal muscle exposes circular muscle layer
Muscles of Pharynx: Lateral View
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Levator veli palatini muscle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
Buccinator muscle (cut)
Pterygomandibular raphe
Buccinator crest of mandible
Oblique line of mandible
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Stylohyoid muscle (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Digastric muscle (posterior belly) (cut)
Styloid process
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tendinous arch
Zone of sparse muscle fibers
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Esophagus
Tracheoesophageal groove
Nerves of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve (V2)
Deep temporal nerves (V3)
Masseteric nerve (V3)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
nerve to medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini muscles (V3) (cut)
Zygomaticofacial branch of zygomatic nerve (V2)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Infra-orbital nerve (V2)
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Greater and lesser palatine nerves (V2)
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2)
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2)
Nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle (V3) (cut)
Buccal nerve (V3)
Chorda tympani nerve (VII)
Lingual nerve (V3)
Medial pterygoid muscle (cut) (lateral pterygoid removed)
Inferior alveolar nerve (V3)
Mental nerve (V3)
Nerve to mylohyoid (V3)
Submandibular ganglion
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and tonsillar branch
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Carotid sinus nerve (of Hering) (IX) and carotid body
Nerve to thyrohyoid muscle (C1, 2 via XII)
Internal and external branches of superior laryngeal nerve (X)
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis (C1, 2, 3)
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis (C1, 2, 3)
Nerves to superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles (ansa cervicalis)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X)
Sympathetic trunk and middle cervical ganglion
Common carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
Middle meningeal artery
Superficial temporal artery (cut)
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Maxillary artery
Accessory nerve (XI) (cut)
C1 spinal nerve (ventral ramus) (cut)
C2 spinal nerve (ventral ramus) (cut)
Pharyngeal plexus composed of branches from glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and sympathetic nerves
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X) and superior cervical cardiac branch
C4 spinal nerve (ventral ramus) (cut)
Phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
Ascending cervical artery
Middle scalene muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
Brachial plexus (cut) superior, middle, inferior trunks)
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Arteries of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Supra-orbital artery from ophthalmic artery
Supratrochlear artery from ophthalmic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Deep temporal arteries
Dorsal nasal artery
Masseteric artery
Angular artery
Infra-orbital artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Descending palatine artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Superior labial artery
Buccal artery
Buccinator muscle and parotid duct (cut)
Inferior labial artery
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery
inferior alveolar artery
and lingual branch
Facial artery
Submental artery
Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery
Submandibular gland
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Suprahyoid artery
External carotid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid artery
Cricothyroid artery
common carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Occipital artery
Auriculo-temporal nerve
Transverse facial artery (cut)
Superficial temporal artery
Deep auricular and anterior tympanic arteries
Maxillary artery
Posterior auricular artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery and sternocleidomastoid branch
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Internal carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X)
Superior cervical cardiac nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Anterior scalene muscle
Phrenic nerve
Middle scalene muscle
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Veins of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Supratrochlear vein
Supra-orbital vein
Nasofrontal vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Angular vein
External nasal vein
Emissary vein (of Versalius) communicating with cavernous sinus
Infra-orbital vein
Posterior superior alveolar veins
Palatine vein
Pterygoid plexus
superior labial vein
Deep facial vein
Maxillary veins
Inferior labial vein
Mental vein
Facial vein and artery
External palatine vein
Submental vein
Submandibular gland
Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve
Dorsal lingual vein coursing medial to hyoglossus muscle
Lingual vein
Communication to anterior jugular vein (cut)
Superior laryngeal vein
Superior thyroid vein
Thyroid gland
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid veins
Termination of anterior jugular vein (cut)
Left brachiocephalic vein
Occipital vein and artery
Superficial temporal vein and artery
Transverse facial vein (cut)
Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein (anterior and posterior branches)
External jugular vein (cut)
Inferior alveolar vein and artery
Occipital vein and artery
Occipital vein and artery
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Common trunk receiving facial, anterior branch of retromandibular, and lingual veins (common facial vein)
External acrotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X) and sympathetic trunk
Middle scalene muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
External jugular vein (cut)
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Lymph vessels and Nodes of Head and Neck
Superficial parotid nodes (deep parotid nodes deep to and within parotid gland)
Subparotid node
Facial nodes Nasolabial Buccinator
Mandibular nodes
Submandibular nodes
Submental nodes
Suprahyoid node
Superior deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) nodes
Superior thyroid nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid node
Anterior deep cervical (pretracheal and thyroid) nodes (deep to infrahyoid muscles)
Anterior superficial cervical nodes (anterior jugular nodes)
Jugular trunk
Supraclavicular nodes
Subclavian trunk and node
Occipital nodes
Mastoid nodes
Sternocleidomastoid nodes
Superior lateral superficial cervical (external jugular) node
Accessory nerve (XI)
Jugulodigastric node
Posterior lateral superficial cervical (spinal accessory) nodes
Intercalated node
Inferior deep lateral cervical (scalene) node
Thoracic duct
Transverse cervical chain of nodes
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Pharynx and Tongue
Lymphatic drainage of pharynx: posterior view
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Rectus capitis anterior muscle (cut)
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Retropharyngeal nodes
Internal jugular vein
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Intercalated node
Jugulodigastric node
Deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid node
Lymphatic drainage of tongue
Apical collecting vessels
Central collecting vessels
Marginal collecting vessels
Basal collecting vessels
Communication to opposite side
Submental node
Submandibular node
Jugulodigastric node
Deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid node
Thyroid Gland: Anterior view
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Infrahyoid artery
superior thyroid artery and vein
Superior laryngeal artery
Thyrohyoid membrane
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
Common carotid artery
Cricothyroid artery
Internal jugular vein
Phrenic nerve
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid veins
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid veins
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Superficial cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery and vein
Vagus nerve (X)
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Brachiocephalic trunk
Brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Hyoid bone
superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Thyroid cartilage (lamina)
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid muscles
Cricoid cartilage
Pyramidal lobe (often absent or small) of Thyroid gland
Right lobe of Thyroid gland
Left lobe of Thyroid gland
Isthmus Thyroid gland
Pretracheal lymph nodes
Phrenic nerve
Anterior scalene muscle
Vagus nerve (X)
External jugular vein
Anteior jugular vein
1st rib (cut)
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Common carotid artery
Medial margin of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Cupula (dome) of pleura
Trachea
Thyroid Gland and Pharynx: Posterior View
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tip of greater horn of hyoid bone
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pharyngeal raphe
Zone of sparse muscle fibers
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Circular esophageal muscle in V-shaped area of sparse longitudinal muscle fibers
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
inferior thyroid muscle
Inferior thyroid vein
Trachea
Inferior bulb of internal jugular vein
Vertebral artery
Left subclavian artery and vein
Internal thoracic artery and vein
Left brachiocephalic vein
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Arch of aorta
Left vagus nerve (X)
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X)
Internal jugular vein
Thyroid gland (right lobe)
Superior parathyroid gland
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior parathyroid gland
Inferior thyroid artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Superficial cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
thyrocervical trunk
Right subclavian artery and vein
Right brachiocephalic vein
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right vagus nerve (X)
Superior vena cava
Parathyroid Glands
Posterior view
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Vagus nerve (X)
Epiglottis
Superior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Fibrous capsule of thyroid gland (cut)
Superior parathyroid gland
Left lobe of thyroid gland
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior parathyroid gland
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Esophagus
Subclavian artery
Trachea
Thyrohyoid membrane
Hyoid bone
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut)
Common carotid artery
Fibrous capsule of thyroid gland (cut)
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Superior parathyroid gland
Right lobe of thyroid gland
Inferior parathyroid gland (may be more caudally located, even within mediastinum)
Inferior thyroid artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Vertebral artery
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right lateral view
External carotid artery
Superior thyroid vein
Superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid artery (cut)
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Esophagus
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Superior parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland (right lobe) (retracted anteriorly)
Inferior parathyroid gland
Inferior thyroid vein
Cartilages of Larynx
Anterior view
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Superior thyroid notch
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Median cricothyroid ligament
Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Posterior view
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Vocal ligament
Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Tracea
Anterosuperior view
Arytenoid articular surface of Cricoid cartilage
Lamina of Cricoid cartilage
Arch of Cricoid artilage
Corniculate cartilage
Muscular process of Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal process of Arytenoid cartilage
Right lateral view
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Triticeal cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Oblique line
Laryngeal prominence
Median of Cricothyroid ligament
Lateral of Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid joint
Trachea
Medial view, median (sagittal) section
Epiglottis
Hyoepiglottic ligament
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Muscular process
Vocal process
Vocal ligament
Thyro-epiglottic ligament
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Posterior view
Epiglottis
Ary-epiglottic fold
Cuneiform tubercle
Corniculate tubercle
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Oblique arytenoid muscle
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Right lateral view
Foramen for superior laryngeal vessels and internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Straight part of Cricothyroid muscle
Oblique part of Cricothyroid muscle
Lateral dissection
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Conus elasticus
Thyroid articular surface
Cricothyroid muscle (cut away)
Epiglottis
Thyro-epiglottic part of thyro-arytenoid muscle
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Superior view
Muscular process of Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal process of Arytenoid cartilage
Lamina of cricoid cartilage
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
Conus elasticus
Cricothyroid muscle
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
Vocalis muscle
Vocal ligament
Lamina of thyroid cartilage
Normal larynx: inspiration
Root of tongue (lingual tonsil)
Median glossoepiglottic ligament
Vocal fold (true cords)
Trachea
Piriform fossa
Corniculate tubercle
Esophagus
Epiglottis
Ventricular folds (false cords)
Ary-epiglottic fold
Cuneiform tubercle
Action of Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Action of cricothyroid muscles
Lengthening (increasing tension) of vocal ligaments
Cricothyroid joint (pivot point)
Action of posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
Abduction of vocal ligaments
Action of lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
Adduction of vocal ligaments
Action of transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
Adduction of vocal ligaments
Action of vocalis and thyro-arytenoid muscles
Shortening (relaxation) of vocal ligaments
Nerves of Larynx
Pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Thyrohyoid membrane
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Right lateral view: thyroid cartilage lamina removed
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Sensory branches to larynx
Ansa of Galen
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Thyro-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Thyro-epiglottic part of thyro-arytenoid muscle
Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
Vocalis muscle
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Thyroid articular surface
Anterior and posterior branches of inferior laryngeal nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Coronal section through larynx
Epiglottis
Superior thyroid veins
Internal laryngeal nerve
Superior laryngeal artery
Thyroid hyoid muscle
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
thyroid cartilage
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Inferior laryngeal artery
Hyoid bone
Vestibule
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
Vocalis muscle
Superior thyroid veins
Conus elasticus
Infraglottic region
Eyelids
Superior palpebral conjunctiva: tarsal (meibomian) glands shining through
Pupil Seen through cornea
Iris Seen through cornea
Corneoscleral junction (corneal limbus)
Bulbar conjunctiva over sclera
Inferior conjunctiva fornix
Inferior palpebral conjunctiva: tarsal glands shining through
Superior lacrimal papilla
Plica semilunaris
Lacrimal caruncle in lacrimal lake (lacus lacrimalis)
Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Orbital septum
Superior tarsal (Müller's) muscle (smooth)
Superior conjunctival fornix
Orbicularis oculi muscle (palpebral part)
Superior tarsus
Tarsal (meibomian) glands
Sebaceous glands
Eyelashes (cilia)
Openings of tarsal glands
Inferior tarsus
Orbuclaris oculi muscle (palpebral part)
Inferior conjunctival fornix
Orbital septum
Sclera
Bulbar conjunctiva
Palpebral conjunctiva
Cornea
Lens
Anterior chamber
Iris
Posterior chamber
Frontal bone
Insertion of levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Orbital septum
Superior tarsus
Lateral palpebral ligament and overlying raphe
Inferior tarsus
Orbital septum
Zygomatic bone
Supra-orbital artery and nerve
Supratrochlear artery and nerve
Dorsal nasal artery and infratrochlear nerve
Lacrimal sac
Medial palpebral ligament
Maxilla (frontal process)
Infra-orbital artery and nerve
Lacrimal Apparatus
Orbital part of lacrimal gland
Palpebral part of lacrimal gland
Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland
Plica semilunaris
Lacrimal caruncle
Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Superior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Frontal bone (cut away)
Orbital part of lacrimal gland
Palpebral part of lacrimal gland
Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland
Plica semilunaris and lacrimal lake
Lacrimal caruncle
Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Opening of nasolacrimal duct and site of Hasner's valve
Superior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Middle nasal concha
Nasal cavity
Inferior nasal concha (cut)
Inferior nasal meatus
Fasciae of Orbit and Eyeball
Horizontal section
Medial palpebral ligament
Nasal cavity
Check ligament of medial rectus muscle
Ethmoidal cells
Periorbita
Medial rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Sclera
Episcleral space
Optic nerve (II) and meningeal sheath
Sphenoidal sinus
Tarsus of eyelid
Palpebral conjunctiva
Bulbar conjunctiva
Lens
Cornea
Lateral palpebral ligament
Check ligament of lateral rectus muscle
Periorbita
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Episcleral space
Lateral rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Retrobulbar fat (orbital fat body)
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Frontal section
Superior rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Lacrimal gland
Lateral rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Periorbita
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Episcleral space
Levator palpebrae superior muscle and fascial sheath
Optic disc
Superior oblique muscle and fascial sheath
Medial rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Periorbita
Ethmoidal cell
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Inferior rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Inferior oblique muscle and fascial sheath
Infra-orbital nerve (V2)
Muscle attachments and nerves and vessels entering orbit
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal nerve (V1)
Frontal nerve (V1)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Lateral rectus muscle
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior orbital fissure
Abducent nerve (VI)
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior oblique muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Optic nerve (II) in optic canal
Ophthalmic artery in optic canal
Inferior rectus muscle
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)
Nasociliary nerve (V1)
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Right lateral view
Superior oblique muscle
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Lateral rectus muscle (cut)
Inferior rectus muscle
Maxillary sinus
Trochlea (pulley)
Optic nerve (II) (within meningeal sheath)
Lateral rectus muscle (cut)
Inferior oblique muscle
Superior view
Trochlea
Superior oblique muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Inferior rectus muscle
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Superior tarsus
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (cut)
Superior rectus muscle (cut)
Lateral rectus muscle
Optic nerve (II) (within meningeal sheath)
Superior rectus muscle (cut)
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (cut)
Innervation of extrinsic eye muscles: anterior view
Superior oblique muscle of Trochlear nerve (IV)
Lateral rectus muscle of Abducent nerve (VI)
Trochlea
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Superior rectus muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Medial rectus muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior rectus muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior oblique muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Arteries and Veins of Orbit and Eyelids
Superior view
Supratrochlear artery
Dorsal nasal artery
Anterior meningeal artery
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Continuation of ophthalmic artery
Muscular branch
Ophthalmic artery
Internal carotid artery
Medial palpebral artery
Lateral palpebral artery
Lacrimal gland
Supra-orbital artery
Zygomatic branches
Posterior ciliary arteries
Muscular branch
Lacrimal artery
Central retinal artery
Anterior view
Frontal branch of superficial temporal artery
Superior lateral palpebral artery
Zygomatico-orbital artery
Inferior lateral palpebral artery
Zygomaticofacial artery
Transverse facial artery
Infra-orbital artery
Supra-orbital artery
Supratrochlear
Dorsal nasal artery
Superior medial palpebral artery
Angular artery
Inferior medial palpebral artery
Superior and inferior palpebral arterial arches
Facial artery
(X = anastomosis of vessels from external and internal carotid arteries)
Lateral view
Supratrochlear vein
Supra-orbital vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Cavernous sinus
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Pterygoid plexus
Maxillary vein
Retromandibular vein
Nasofrontal vein
Angular vein
Vorticose veins
Facial vein
Deep facial vein
Nerves of Orbit
Superior view
Supratrochlear nerve
Medial rectus muscle
Infratrochlear nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Optic nerve (II)
Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Tentorium cerebelli
Medial branch of Supra-orbital nerve
Lateral branch of Supra-orbital nerve
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal nerve
Lateral rectus muscle
Frontal nerve
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Meningeal branch of maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Lesser petrosal nerve
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
Greater petrosal nerve
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
Tentorial (meningeal) branch of ophthalmic nerve
Superior view: levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, and superior oblique muscles partially cut away
Supratrochlear nerve (cut)
Supra-orbital nerve branches (cut)
Infratrochlear nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Optic nerve (II)
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (III) (cut)
Nasociliary nerve
Internal carotid plexus
Trochlear nerve (IV) (cut)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Long ciliary nerves
Short ciliary nerves
Lacrimal nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from inferior branch of oculomotor nerve)
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from internal carotid plexus)
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion (from nasociliary nerve)
Branches to inferior and medial rectus muscles
Abducent nerve (VI)
Long ciliary nerves
Short ciliary nerves
Lacrimal nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from inferior branch of oculomotor nerve)
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from internal carotid plexus)
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion (from nasociliary nerve)
Branches to inferior and medial rectus muscles
Abducent nerve (VI)
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)
Lacrimal nerve
Meningeal branch (V2)
Frontal nerve (cut)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Meningeal branch (V3)
Eyeball
Horizontal section
Zonular fibers (suspensory ligament of lens)
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Scleral spur
Ciliary body and ciliary muscle
Ciliary part of retina
Tendon of lateral rectus muscle
Iris
Lens
Capsule of lens
Cornea
Anterior chamber
Poster chamber
Iridocorneal angle
Ciliary processes
Bulbar conjunctiva
Ora serrata
Tendon of medial rectus muscle
Optic (visual) part of retina
Choroid
Perichoroidal space
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Episcleral space
Fovea centralis in macula (lutea)
Meningeal sheath of optic nerve
Subarachnoid space
Central retinal artery and vein
Optic nerve (II)
Lamina cribrosa of sclera
Hyaloid canal
Vitreous body
Anterior and Posterior Chambers of Eye
Cornea
Endothelium of anterior chamber
Posterior limiting lamina (Descemet's membrane)
Schwalbe's line
Trabecular meshwork and spaces of iridocorneal angle (of Fontana)
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Scleral spur
Iridocorneal angle
Pectinate ligament
Major arterial circle of iris
Anterior ciliary vein
Bulbar conjunctiva
Sclera
Anterior chamber
Folds of iris
Minor arterial circle of iris Lens
Posterior chamber
Perichoroidal space
Ciliary body
Ciliary part of retina
Meridional fibers of Ciliary muscle
Circular fibers of Ciliary muscle
Ciliary process
Zonular fibers (suspensory ligament of lens)
Dilator pupillae muscle
Pigment epithelium (iridial part of retina)
Sphincter pupillae muscle
Capsule of lens
Nucleus of lens
Lens and Supporting Structures
Eyeball sectioned in coronal plane: anterior segment viewed from behind
Sclera
Choroid
Optic part of retina
Ora serrata
Orbiculus ciliaris of ciliary body covered by ciliary part of retina
Ciliary processes
Zonular fibers
Lens
Horizontal section
Axis of Lens
Nucleus of Lens
Capsule of Lens
Cortex of Lens
Equator of Lens
Anterior chamber
Iris
Posterior chamber
Ciliary body
Ciliary process
Preequatorial of Zonular fibers
Equatorial of Zonular fibers
Postequatorial of Zonular fibers
Orbiculus ciliaris of ciliary body
Ora serrata
Optic part of retina
Enlargement of segment outlined in top illustration (semischematic)
Optic part of retina
Ora serrata
Orbiculus ciliaris of ciliary body covered by ciliary part of retina
Ciliary processes
Zonular fibers
Iris
Zonular fibers fanning out and blending into lens capsule
Lens
Intrinsic Arteries and Veins of Eye
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Anterior chamber
Cornea
Minor arterial circle of iris
Major arterial circle of iris
Blood vessels of ciliary body
Bulbar conjunctiva
Anterior ciliary artery and vein
Muscular artery and vein
Extrinsic eye muscle
Long posterior ciliary artery
Vorticose vein
Episcleral artery and vein
Retinal artery and vein
Long posterior ciliary artery
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Central retinal artery and vein
Optic nerve (II)
Iridocorneal angle
Posterior chamber
Zonular fibers
Iris
Lens
Ciliary body
Ora serrata
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
Vitreous chamber
Right retinal vessels: funduscopic view
Fovea centralis
Macula
Superior temporal retinal arteriole and venule
Superior macular arteriole and venule
Superior nasal retinal arteriole and venule
Optic disc
Inferior nasal retinal arteriole and venule
Inferior macular arteriole and venule
Vascular Supply of Eye
Vascular arrangements within the choroid (vascular tunic) of the eyeball
Conjunctiva and cornea
Minor arterial circle of iris
Major arterial circle of iris
Anterior ciliary veins
Posterior conjunctival artery and vein
Sclera
Tendon of superior rectus muscle
Anterior ciliary arteries
Anterior tributaries of vorticose vein
Episcleral vein*
Junctions of suprachoroidal tributaries forming vorticose vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Bulb of vorticose (choroid) vein
Vorticose (choroid) vein
Long posterior ciliary artery
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Meningeal sheath of optic nerve
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Central retinal artery and vein
Vessels of internal sheath of optic nerve
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Segment of episcleral vein*
Inferior ophthalmic vein*
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Posterior tributaries of a vorticose vein
Muscular artery
Recurrent branch of anterior ciliary artery
Nonpigmented and pigmented regions of the retina
Anterior ciliary veins
Veins draining scleral venous sinus (into anterior ciliary veins)
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Arteries and veins of iris
*The episcleral veins are shown here anastomosing with the vorticose veins, which they do; however, they also drain into the anterior ciliary veins.
Pathway of Sound Reception
Frontal section
Auricle
Epitympanic recess
Malleus (head)
Tegmen tympani
Incus
Prominence of lateral semicircular canal
Limbs of stapes
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Base of stapes in oval (vestibular) window
Vestibule
Semicircular ducts, ampullae, utricle, and sccule
Arcuate eminence
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Vestibular nerve
Cochlear nerve
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Parotid gland
Tympanic cavity
Promontory
Round (cochlear) window
Internal jugular vein
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Scala tympani of Cochlea
Cochlear duct containing spiral organ (of Corti) of Cochlea
Scala vestibuli of Cochlea
Scala vestibuli of Cochlea
Helicotrema of Cochlea
Note: Arrows indicate course of sound waves
Adult
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Child
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube is shorter and more horizontal
External Ear and Tympanic Cavity
Right auricle (pinna)
Lobule of auricle
Concha of auricle
Antihelix
Auricular tubercle (of Darwin)
Crura of antihelix
Scaphoid fossa
Helix
Triangular fossa
Crux of helix
External acoustic meatus
Tragus
Intertragic notch
Antitragus
Otoscopic view of right tympanic membrane
Pars tensa
Cone of light
Umbo
Handle of malleus
Long limb of incus
Anterior mallear fold
Lateral process of malleus
Pars flaccida
Posterior mallear fold
Coronal oblique section of external acoustic meatus and middle ear (tympanic cavity)
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Anterior ligament of malleus (cut)
Chorda tympani nerve (cut)
Short limb of incus
Superior ligament of malleus
Epitympanic recess
Tegmen tympani
Dura mater
Head of malleus
Long limb of incus
Footplate of stapes
Handle of malleus
Promontory with tympanic plexus
Tensor tympani muscle
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Tympanic cavity
Right tympanic cavity after removal of tympanic membrane (lateral view)
Tympanic nerve
Fossa of round window
Stapes
Pyramidal eminence and tendon of stapedius muscle
Prominence of facial canal
Long limb of incus
Chorda tympani nerve
Lateral process of malleus
Tendon of tensor tympani muscle
Handle of malleus
Lesser petrosal nerve
Tympanic plexus on promontory
Ossicles articulated: medial view
Stapes
Malleus
Incus
Lenticular process of incus
Tympanic Cavity
Styloid process
Stylomastoid artery
Facial nerve
Mastoid cells
Stapedial branch of stylomastoid artery
Mastoid antrum
Pyramidal eminence (cut)
Chorda tympani
Anterior tympanic artery
Tensor tympani muscle and tendon (cut)
Arteries of mallear stria
Handle of malleus
Tubal artery
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Marginal arterial rete
Tympanic membrane
Inferior tympanic artery
Deep auricular artery
Posterior tympanic branch of stylomastoid artery
Anterior crural artery
Descending branch of superficial petrosal artery
Stapes
Posterior crural artery
Stapedius muscle
Stapedial branch of stylomastoid artery
Chorda tympani
Posterior tympanic branch of stylomastoid artery
Facial nerve
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Stylomastoid artery
Superficial temporal artery
Internal jugular vein
External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Inferior tympanic artery and nerve
Internal carotid artery and carotid plexus
Caroticotympanic artery and nerve
Maxillary artery
Tympanic plexus
Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal accessory artery
Lesser petrosal nerve and superior tympanic artery
Tubal artery
Otic ganglion
Artery and nerve of pterygoid canal
Facial nerve and nervus intermedius
Superficial petrosal artery and greater petrosal nerve
Labyrinthine artery
Lesser petrosal nerve and superior tympanic artery
Geniculate ganglion
Tensor tympani muscle
Bony and Membranous Labyrinths
Right bony labyrinth (otic capsule), anterolateral view: surrounding cancellous bone removed
Posterior of Semicircular canals
Lateral of Semicircular canals
Anterior of Semicircular canals
Common bony limb
Ampullae
Vestibule
Cochlea
Oval (vestibular) window
Round (cochlea) window
Cochlear cupula
Dissected right bony labyrinth (otic capsule): membranous labyrinth removed
Posterior of Semicircular canals
Lateral of Semicircular canals
Anterior of Semicircular canals
Elliptical recess of Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers)
Cochlear recess of Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers)
Spherical recess of Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers)
Helicotrema
Internal opening of vestibular aqueduct (for endolymphatic duct)
Round (cochlear) window
Scala tympani
Osseous spiral lamina
Scala vestibuli
Hamulus of spiral lamina
Right membranous labyrinth with nerves: medial view
Superior part of vestibular nerve (from utricle and anterior and lateral ampullae)
Cochlear duct (basal turn)
Cochlear nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Vestibular nerve
Vestibular ganglion (of Scarpa)
Inferior part of vestibular nerve (from saccule and posterior ampulla)
Saccule
Endolymphatic duct
Posterior ampulla
Posterior semicircular duct
Lateral semicircular duct
Common membranous limb
Lateral ampulla
Anterior ampulla
Anterior semicircular duct
Utricle
Bony and Membranous Labyrinths (continued)
Bony and membranous labyrinths: schema
Anterior semicircular canal and duct
Posterior semicircular canal and duct
Common bony and membranous limbs
Lateral semicircular canal and duct
Otic capsule
Stapes in oval (vestibular) window
Incus
Malleus
Tympanic cavity
External acoustic meatus
Umbo
Tympanic membrane
Round (cochlear) window (closed by secondary tympanic membrane)
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Vestibule
Otic capsule
Cochlear aqueduct
Scala tympani
Cochlear duct
Scala vestibuli
Ductus reuniens
Helicotrema of cochlea
Saccule
Utricle
Endolymphatic sac in vestibular aqueduct
Endolymphatic sac
Dura mater
Ampullae
Section through turn of cochlea
Osseous spiral lamina
Nerve fibers
Modiolus of cochlea
Spiral ganglion (of Corti)
Scala tympani
Cochlear nerve
Scala vestibuli
Vestibular (Reissner's) membrane
Cochlear duct
Spiral ligament
Tectorial membrane
Spiral organ (of Corti)
Basilar membrane
Osseous cochlea
Outer hair cells
Pillar (rod) cells
Inner hair cell
Orientation of Labyrinths in Skull
Superior projection of right bony labyrinth on floor of skull
Cochlea
Cochlear nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Internal acoustic opening
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Vestibular nerve
Petrous part of temporal bone
Opening of vestibular aqueduct (for endolymphatic duct)
Groove for greater petrosal nerve
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Plane of anterior semicircular canal
Lateral semicircular canal
Plane of posterior semicircular canal
Lateral projection of right membranous labyrinth
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Anterior semicircular duct
Cerebellum
Superior petrosal sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Auricle (retracted anteriorly)
Cochlear duct
Cochlear nerve
Superior part of vestibular nerve
Internal jugular vein
Inferior part of vestibular nerve
Lateral semicircular duct
Posterior semicircular duct
Sigmoid sinus
Transverse sinus
Pharyngotympanic (Auditory, Eustachian) Tube
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube at base of skull: inferior view
Pterygoid hamulus and medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Scaphoid fossa
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spine of sphenoidal bone
Mandibular fossa
Internal carotid artery entering carotid canal
Stylomastoid foramen
Mastoid process
Palatine process of maxilla
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Choana
Lateral lamina of cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Medial lamina of cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Foramen lacerum
Petrous part of temporal bone
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Meninges and Diploic Veins
Coronal dissection
Diploic veins
Superior sagittal sinus
Emissary vein
Frontal and parietal tributaries of superficial temporal vein
Frontal and parietal branches of superficial temporal artery
Granular foveola (indentation of skull by arachnoid granulation)
Lateral (venous) lacuna (of Trolard)
Bridging vein
Inferior sagittal sinus
Cavum septum pellucidum
Superior thalamostriate and choroidal veins, internal cerebral veins, and choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Arachnoid granulation
Cerebral vein (bridging vein) penetrates subdural space to enter sinus
Dura mater (periosteal and meningeal layers)
Dura-skull interface (site of epidural hematoma)
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Middle meningeal artery and vein
Deep, middle, and superficial temporal arteries and veins
Temporalis muscle
Diploic and emissary veins of skull
Frontal diploic vein
Anterior temporal diploic vein
Parietal emissary vein
Posterior temporal diploic vein
Occipital emissary vein
Occipital diploic vein
Mastoid emissary vein
Meningeal Arteries
Frontal (anterior) and parietal (posterior) branches of middle meningeal artery
Middle meningeal artery
Anterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Arachnoid granulations
Opening of superior cerebral vein
Lateral (venous) lacuna (of Trolard)
Superior sagittal sinus
Dura mater
Mastoid branch of occipital artery
Internal carotid artery (cavernous segment)
Meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery
Mastoid branch of occipital artery
Anterior and posterior meningeal branches of vertebral artery
Tentorial, cavernous sinus, and meningeal branches of meningohypophyseal trunk
Middle meningeal artery
Recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal (ophthalmic) artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Anterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Internal carotid artery and its meningohypophyseal trunk (phantom)
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
External carotid artery
Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins
Bridging vein
Calvaria
Pericranium
Loose areolar tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Connective tissue
Skin
Granular foveola
Arachnoid granulation
Superior sagittal sinus
Emissary vein
Tributary of superficial temporal vein
Diploic vein
Dura-skull interface (site of epidural hematoma)
Dura mater
Arachnoid-dura interface (site of subdural hematoma)
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Cerebral artery
Superior cerebral vein
Falx cerebri
Cerebral hemisphere
Branches of middle meningeal artery
Superior sagittal sinus
Dura mater (meningeal layer)
Superior cerebral veins (beneath arachnoid)
Superior cerebral veins (bridging veins) (penetrating arachnoid and dura mater to enter superior sagittal sinus)
Middle meningeal artery and veins
Temporalis muscle
Dura mater (endostial layer)
Inferior cerebral veins (beneath arachnoid)
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
Superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
Dural Venous Sinuses
Sagittal section
Transverse sinus
Occipital sinus
Falx cerebelli
Confluence of sinuses
Straight sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Bridging veins
Great cerebral vein of (of Galen)
Tentorium cerebelli
Superior sagittal sinus
Falx cerebri
Inferior sagittal sinus
Sphenoparietal sinus
Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses
Superior petrosal sinus
Basilar venous plexus
Inferior petrosal sinus
To jugular foramen
Vertebral venous plexus (of Baston)
Sigmoid sinus
Dural Venous Sinuses (continued)
Skull sectioned horizontally: superior view
Superior sagittal sinus (cut)
Falx cerebri (cut)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses
Superficial middle cerebral vein (cut)
Cavernous sinus
Basilar venous plexus
Superior petrosal sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Tentorial artery
Tentorium cerebelli
Inferior cerebral vein (cut)
Transverse sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus (cut)
Straight sinus
Falx cerebri (cut)
Confluence of sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus (cut)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Optic nerve (II)
Internal carotid artery (cavernous segment)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Sphenoparietal sinus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Trigeminal ganglion (gasserian)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Middle meningeal artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
Petrosal vein
Facial nerve (VII), intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg), and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves
Jugular foramen
Sigmoid sinus (continuation of transverse sinus)
Transverse sinus
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Coronal section through cavernous sinus: posterior view
Cavernous sinus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Optic chiasm
Posterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery (cavernous segment)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
Cerebrum: Lateral Views
Frontal pole
Opercular part of Inferior frontal gyrus
Triangular part of Inferior frontal gyrus
Orbital part of Inferior frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Middle frontal gryus
Superior frontal sulcus
Precentral sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus (of Rolando)
Postcentral gyrus
Poste central sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus of Inferior parietal lobule
Angular gyrus of Inferior parietal lobule
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital pole
Calcarine sulcus
Lunate sulcus (inconstant)
Transverse occipital sulcus
Preoccipital notch
Inferior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Temporal pole
Anterior ramus of Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Ascending ramus of Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Posterior ramus of Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal operculum
Frontal operculum
Orbital operculum
Temporal operculum
Short gyri of Insula (island of Reil)
Central sulcus of Insula (island of Reil)
Limen of Insula (island of Reil)
Long gyrus of Insula (island of Reil)
Circular sulcus of Insula (island of Reil)
Cerebrum: Medial Views
Sagittal section of brain in situ
Cingulate gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Medial frontal gyrus
Sulcus of corpus callosum
Fornix
Septum pellucidum
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus and 3rd ventricle
Subcallosal (parolfactory) area
Anterior commissure
Subcallosal gyrus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Lamina terminalis
Supra-optic recess
Optic chiasm
Tuber cinereum
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Mammillary body
Cerebral peduncle
Pons
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Medulla oblongata
Inferior medullary velum
4th ventricle and choroid plexus
Superior medullary velum
Cerebellum
Tectal (quadrigeminal) plate
Inferior colliculus
Superior colliculus
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Straight sinus in tentorium cerebelli
Calcarine sulcus
Posterior commissure
Pineal body
Habenular commissure
Cuneus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Stria medullaris of thalamus
Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Superior sagittal sinus
Precuneus
Corpus callosum
Marginal sulcus
Paracentral lobule
Central sulcus (of Rolando)
Paracentral sulcus
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere: brainstem excised
Cingulate gyrus
Mammillothalamic fasciculus
Mammillary body
Uncus
Optic nerve (II)
Olfactory tract
Collateral sulcus
Rhinal sulcus
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Dentate gyrus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Crus of fornix
Body of fornix
Column of fornix
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
Genu of corpus callosum
Rostrum of corpus callosum
Trunk of corpus callosum
Splenium of corpus callosum
Cerebrum: Inferior View
Sectioned brainstem
Frontal pole of cerebrum
Straight gyrus
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulci
Orbital gyri
Temporal pole of cerebrum
Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Inferior temporal sulcus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Inferior (infero-lateral) margin of cerebrum
Rhinal sulcus
Uncus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus
Collateral sulcus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Apex of cuneus
Splenium of corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct
Superior colliculus (of corpora quadrigemina)
Pulvinar of thalamus
Red nucleus
Medial geniculate body
Substantia nigra
Lateral geniculate body
Cerebral crus
Posterior perforated substance (in interpeduncular fossa)
Mammillary body
Tuber cinereum
Optic tract
Anterior perforated substance
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Optic nerve (II) (cut)
Optic chiasm
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Lamina terminalis
Genu of corpus callosum
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Ventricles of Brain
Left lateral phantom view
Right lateral ventricle
Left interventricular foramen (of Monro)
3rd ventricle
Supra-optic recess
Interthalamic adhesion
Infundibular recess
Pineal recess
Suprapineal recess
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
4th ventricle
Left lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka)
Left lateral recess
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
Central canal of spina cord
Coronal section of brain: posterior view
Corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Lateral ventricle
Body of caudate nucleus
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
Superior thalamostriate vein
Body of fornix
Internal cerebral vein
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle
Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Thalamus
Putamen of Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus of Lentiform nucleus
Internal capsule
3rd ventricle and interthalamic adhesion
Hypothalamus
Tail of caudate nucleus
Optic tract
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Fimbria of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Mammillary body
Parahippocampal gyrus
Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle (phantom)
Bridging veins
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Cistern of corpus callosum
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Chiasmatic cistern
Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Interpeduncular cistern
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Prepontine cistern
Lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka)
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Central canal of spinal cord
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
(Posterior) cerebellomedullary cistern
Quadrigeminal cistern (with great cerebral vein) (of Galen)
Straight sinus
Occipital (posterior) horn
Arachnoid granulations
Subarachnoid space
Superior sagittal sinus
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Horizontal sections through cerebrum
Genu of corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Column of fornix
Insula (island of Reil)
Interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus
Crus of fornix
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Splenium of corpus callosum
Head of caudate nucleus
Anterior limb of internal capsule
Genu of internal capsule
Posterior limb of internal capsule
Extreme capsule
Putamen of Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus of Lentiform nucleus
3rd ventricle
External capsule
Claustrum
Retrolenticular part of internal capsule
Tail of caudate nucleus
Hippocampus and fimbria
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Habenula
Pineal body
Organization of basal nuclei (ganglia)
Caudate nucleus Striatum Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Putamen Striatum Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Putamen Lentiform nucleus Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Globus pallidus Lentiform nucleus Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Interrelationship of thalamus, lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, and amygdaloid body (schema): left lateral view
Cleft for internal capsule
Body of Caudate nucleus
Head of Caudate nucleus
Thalamus
Lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus medial to putamen)
Amygdaloid body
Pulvinar
Medial geniculate body
Lateral geniculate body
Tail of caudate nucleus
Thalamus
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle (cut edge)
3rd ventricle
Choroid plexus
Superior thalamostriate vein
Pes hippocampi
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Internal cerebral vein
Dentate gyrus
Collateral eminence
Hippocampus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Posterior commissure
Habenular commissure
Pineal body
Collateral trigone
Calcar avis
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Calcarine sulcus
Corpus callosum (cut)
Head of caudate nucleus
Septum pellucidum
Columns of fornix
Anterior tubercle
Stria terminalis
Interthalamic adhesion
Lamina affixa
Stria medullaris
Habenular trigone
Pulvinar (retracted)
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
Brachium of superior colliculus
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Cerebellum
Schematic section through thalamus (at level of broken line shown in figure at right)
Median nuclei
External medullary lamina
Reticular nucleus
Intralaminar
Pulvinar
Internal medullary lamina
Thalamic nuclei
Centromedian
Lateral dorsal
Lateral posterior
Medial
Medial dorsal
Ventral anterior
Ventral intermedial
Ventral lateral
Ventral posterior
Ventral posterolateral
Ventral posteromedial
Schematic representation of thalamus
3rd ventricle
Interthalamic adhesion
3rd ventricle
Pulvinar
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
Median
Medial
Internal lamina medullary
Lamina
Anterior
Hippocampus and Fornix
Superior dissection
Genu of corpus callosum (cut)
Septum pellucidum
Head of caudate nucleus
Columns of fornix
Stria terminalis
Body of fornix
Pes hippocampus
Thalami
Crura of fornix
Dentate gyrus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Commissure of fornix
Splenium of corpus callosum (cut)
Lateral ventricle
Calcar avis
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Fornix: schema
Amygdaloid bodies
Mammillary bodies
Columns of fornix
Body of fornix
Commissure of fornix
Crura of fornix
Fimbria of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Coronal section: posterior view
Tail of caudate nucleus
Choroid plexus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Optic tract
Hippocampal sulcus
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus
Alveus of hippocampus
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Cerebellum
Superior surface
Anterior cerebellar notch
Central lobule (II & III) of Superior vermis
Culmen (IV & V) of Superior vermis
Declive (VI) of Superior vermis
Folium (VII A) of Superior vermis
Posterior cerebellar notch
Anterior lobe
Quadrangular lobule (H IV-V)
Primary fissure
Horizontal fissure
Simple lobule (H VI)
Posterior lobe
Postlunate fissure
Superior semilunar (anseriform) lobule (H VII A)
Horizontal fissure
Inferior semilunar (caudal) lobule (H VII B)
Inferior surface
Central lobule of Superior vermis
Lingula of Superior vermis
Superior medullary velum
Flocculus (H X)
4th ventricle
Inferior medullary velum
Nodule (X) of Inferior vermis
Uvula (IX) of Inferior vermis
Pyramid (VIII)
Tuber (VII B) of Inferior vermis
Posterior cerebellar notch
Anterior lobe
Wing of central lobule
Superior of Cerebellar peduncles
Middle of Cerebellar peduncles
Inferior of Cerebellar peduncles
Flocculonodular lobe
Posterolateral (dorsolateral) fissure
Retrotonsillar fissure
Posterior lobe
Tonsil
Biventer lobule (H VIII)
Secondary (postpyramidal) fissure
Horizontal fissure
Inferior semilunar (caudal) obule (H VII B)
Section in plane of superior cerebellar peduncle
Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles
4th ventricle
Superior medullary velum
Fastigial of Cerebellar nuclei
Globose of Cerebellar nuclei
Dentate of Cerebellar nuclei
Emboliform
Cerebral crus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Nuclear layer of medulla oblongata
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Lingula (I)
Vermis
Brainstem
Posterolateral view
Pulvinars of thalami
Pineal body
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior medullary velum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Rhomboid fossa of 4th ventricle
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves
Cuneate tubercle
Gracile tubercle
Dorsal roots of 1st spinal nerve (C1)
Cuneate fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus
Thalamus (cut surface)
Lateral geniculate body
Optic tract
Medial geniculate body
Brachia of superior and inferior colliculi
Cerebral crus
Pons
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Facial nerve (VII)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Anterior view
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Tuber cinereum
Cerebral crus
Lateral geniculate body
Posterior perforated substance
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Olive
Pyramids
Ventral roots of 1st spinal nerve (C1)
Decussation of pyramids
Olfactory tract
Anterior perforated substance
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
Mamillary bodies
Temporal lobe (cut surface)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminal nerve (V) (sensory root)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Facial nerve (VII) and intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Flocculus of cerebellum
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Fourth Ventricle and Cerebellum
Posterior view
3rd ventricle
Pulvinar of thalamus
Pineal body
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior medullary velum
Superior of Cerebellar peduncles
Middle of Cerebellar peduncles
Inferior of Cerebellar peduncles
Lateral recess
Superior fovea
Sulcus limitans
Inferior fovea
Trigeminal tubercle
Hypoglossal trigone
Vagal trigone
Obex
Habenular trigone
Medial of Geniculate bodies
Lateral of Geniculate bodies
Dorsal median sulcus
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Locus caeruleus
Medial eminence
Facial colliculus
Vestibular area
Dentate nucleus of cerebellum
Striae medullares
Taenia of 4th ventricle
Cuneate tubercle
Gracile tubercle
Dorsal median sulcus
Lateral funiculus
Cuneate fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus
Median sagittal section
Body of fornix
Thalamus (in 3rd ventricle)
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Anterior commissure
Lamina terminalis
Hypothalamic sulcus
Cerebral peduncle
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Superior colliculus
Tectal (quadrigeminal) plate
Inferior colliculus
Pons
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
4th ventricle
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Medulla oblonata
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
Decussation of pyramids
Central canal of spinal cord
Choroid plexus
Interthalamic adhesion
Posterior commissure
Pineal body
Splenium of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Lingula (I) of Vermis of cerebellum
Central lobule (II-III) of Vermis of cerebellum
Culmen (IV-V) of Vermis of cerebellum
Declive (VI) of Vermis of cerebellum
Folium (VII A) of Vermis cerebellum
Superior medullary velum
Inferior medullary velum
Tuber (VII B) of Vermis cerebellum
Pyramid (VIII) of Vermis of cerebellum
Uvula (IX) of Vermis of cerebellum
Nodulus (X) of Vermis of cerebellum
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Tonsil of cerebellum
Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema
Posterior phantom view
Superior colliculus
Lateral geniculate body
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V) and ganglion (gasserian)
Facial nerve (VII) and geniculate ganglion
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Anterior of Cochlear nuclei
Posterior of Cochlear nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Solitary tract nucleus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Red nucleus
Oculomotor nucleus
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V) and ganglion
Abducent nucleus
Facial nucleus
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei
Glosso-pharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (X)
Hypoglossal nucleus
Accessory nucleus
Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema (continued)
Medial dissection
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V) and ganglion (gasserian)
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Inferior olivary complex
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus
Oculomotor nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Cerebral aqueduct
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducent nucleus
Internal genu of facial nerve
Facial nucleus
Vestibular nuclei
Anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei
Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei
Solitary tract nucleus
Posterior (dorsal) nucleus of vagus nerve (X)
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
Hypoglossal nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Accessory nucleus
Central canal
Cranial Nerve (Motor and Sensory Distribution): Schema
Motor-muscles of mastication: tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
Intermediate nerve
Motor-submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal glands
Taste-anterior 2/3 of tongue, sensory soft palate
I Olfactory
Nasal cavity
II Optic
Eye
III Oculomotor
Ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and all external eye muscles except those below
IV Trochlear
Superior oblique muscle
V Trigeminal
Sensory-face, sinuses, teeth, orbit and oral cavities, dura mater
VI Abducent
Lateral rectus muscle
VII Facial
Muscles of face, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, occipitalis, auricularis muscles
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Cochlear
Vestibular
IX Glossopharyngeal
Taste-posterior 1/3 of tongue
Sensory-tonsil, pharynx, middle ear
Motor-stylopharyngeus, parotid gland
X Vagus
Motor-heart, lungs, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, GI tract
Sensory-heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
XI Accessory
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles
XII Hypoglossal
Tongue muscles
Strap muscles (C1, 2, 3 fibers)
Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema
Olfactory bulb cells: schema
Efferent fibers to olfactory bulb
Afferent fibers from bulb to central connections and contralateral bulb
Granule cell (excited by and inhibiting to mitral and tufted cells)
Mitral cell
Recurrent process
Tufted cell
Periglomerular cell
Glomerulus
Olfactory nerve fibers
Subcallosal (parolfactory) area
Septal area and nuclei
Fibers from Contralateral olfactory bulb
Fibers to Contralateral olfactory bulb
Anterior commissure
Medial olfactory stria
Olfactory cells
Olfactory mucosa
Olfactory nerves (I)
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Olfactory tract
Olfactory trigone and olfactory tubercle
Lateral olfactory stria
Lateral olfactory tract nucleus
Anterior perforated substance
Amygdaloid body (phantom)
Piriform lobe
Dura mater
Uncus
Hippocampal fimbria
Dentate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Optic nerve (II) (Visual Pathway): Schema
Structure of retina: schema
Periphery of Choroid
Amacrine cells
Bipolar cells
Cones
Ganglion cells
Horizontal cells
Pigment cells
rods
Macula of Choroid
Amacrine cells
Bipolar cells
Cones
Ganglion cells
Horizontal cells
Pigment cells
Overlapping visual fields
Central darker circle represents macular zone
Lighter shades represent monocular fields
Each quadrant a different color
Optic nerves (II)
Optic chiasm
Projection on left retina
Projection on right retina
Projection on left dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Projection on right dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Optic tracts
lateral geniculate bodies
Left optic radiation
Right optic radiation
Calcarine sulcus
Projection on left occipital lobe
Calcarine sulcus
Projection on right occipital lobe
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducent (VI) Nerves: Schema
Superior rectus muscle
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior oblique muscle
anterior ethmoidal nerve
Short ciliary nerves
Long ciliary nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
Superior division of oculomotor nerve
Frontal nerve (cut)
Lacrimal nerve (cut)
Nasociliary nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus (parasympathetic)
Oculomotor nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Abducent nucleus
Sphincter pupillae muscle
Dilator pupillae muscle
Ciliary muscle
Inferior oblique muscle
Zygomatic nerve (cut)
Infra-orbital nerve
Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
Inferior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Inferior division of oculomotor nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Cavernous plexus
Lateral rectus muscle and abducent nerve (turned back)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
mandibular nerve (V2)
Abducent Nerve (VI)
Trigeminal Nerve (V): Schema
Trigeminal nerve (V) ganglion and nuclei
Motor nucleus
Mesencephalic nucleus
Principal sensory nucleus
Spinal tract and nucleus
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Tentorial (meningeal) branch
Nasociliary nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion
Frontal nerve Ciliary ganglion
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Long ciliary nerve
Short ciliary nerves
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Supra orbital nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Internal nasal branches
External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Meningeal branch
Zygomaticotemporal nerve branch
Zygomaticofacial nerve branch
Zygomatic nerve
Infra-orbital nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Superior alveolar branches of infra-orbital nerve
Nasal branches (posterior superior lateral, nasopalatine, and posterior superior medial)
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal (from facial nerve [VII] and carotid plexus)
Pharyngeal branch
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Deep temporal nerves (to temporalis muscle)
Lateral pterygoid and masseteric nerves
Tensor veli palatini and medial pterygoid nerves
Buccal nerve
Mental nerve
Inferior dental plexus
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Nerve to mylohyoid
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Inferior alveolar nerve
Otic ganglion
Tensor tympani nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve (from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX])
Meningeal branch
Parotid branches
Auriculotemporal nerve
Articular branch and anterior auricular nerves
Superficial temporal branches
Chorda tympani nerve
Facial Nerve (VII): Schema
Facial nerve (VII)
Geniculate ganglion
Internal carotid plexus (on internal carotid artery)
Internal acoustic meatus
Intermediate nerve
Motor nucleus of facial nerve
Superior salivatory nucleus
Solitary tract nucleus
Greater petrosal nerve from intermediate nerve
Deep petrosal nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Lesser petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Optic ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Facial muscles
Frontal belly (frontalis) of occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Corrugator superfilii
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Procerus
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Levator anguli oris
Nasalis
Depressor septi nasi
Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis
(Risorius)(not shown)
Buccinator
Platysma
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Submandibular ganglion
Lingual nerve (from trigeminal nerve)
Chorda tympani nerve from intermediate nerve
Caroticotympanic nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (poster belly)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Tympanic nerve (of Jacobson)(from glossopharyngeal nerve)
Tympanic plexus
Stylomastoid foramen
Nerve to stapedius muscle
Posterior auricular nerve
Branches to auricular muscles
Occipital branch of posterior auricular nerve
Occipital belly (occipitalis) of occipitofrontalis muscle
Temporal branches
Taste: anterior 2/3 of tongue
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII): Schema plate
Incus
Head of malleus
Chorda tympani nerve from intrmediate nerve
Tympanic cavity
Facial canal
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Greater petrosal nerve from intermediate nerve
Cochlear (spiral) ganglion
Vestibular nerve
Cochlear nerve
Motor root of facial nerve and intermediate nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Medulla oblongata (cross section)
Medial of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Superior of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Inferior of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Lateral of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle (to cerebellum)
Anterior of Cochlear nuclei
Posterior of Cochlear nuclei
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibular ganglion
Inferior division of vestibular nerve
Superior division of vestibular nerve
Saccule
Ampulla of posterior semicircular duct
Utricle
Ampulla of superior semicircular duct
Ampulla of lateral semicircular duct
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Solitary tract nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Tympanic nerve (of Jacobson)
Tympanic cavity and plexus
Stylomastoid foramen
Caroticotympanic nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Lesser petrosal nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Otic ganglion
Auriculotemporal nerve
Parotid gland
Tubal branch of tympanic plexus
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube and pharyngeal opening
Stylopharyngeal muscle (and branch from glossopharyngeal nerve)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Jugular foramen
Communication to auricular branch of vagus nerve
Superior ganglia
Inferior ganglia
Communication to facial nerve (VII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
Carotid sinus branch (of Hering)
Internal carotid artery
Carotid sinus
Carotid body
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
Pharyngeal, tonsillar, and lingual branches
Pharyngeal plexus
Taste and somatic sensation: posterior 1/3 of tongue
Vagus Nerve (X): Schema
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Meningeal branch of vagus nerve
Auricular branch of vagus nerve
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Levator veli palatini muscle
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Trachea
Esophagus
Right subclavian artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Heart
Hepatic branch of anterior vagal trunk (in lesser omentum)
Celiac branches from anterior and posterior vagal trunks to celiac plexus
Celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia and celiac plexus
Hepatic plexus
Gallbladder and bile ducts
Liver
Pyloric branch from hepatic plexus
Pancreas
Duodenum
Ascending colon
Cecum
Appendix
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (parasympathetic and visceral afferent)
Solitary tract nucleus (visceral afferents including taste)
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (somatic afferent)
Nucleus ambiguus (motor to pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles)
Cranial root
Vagus nerve (X)
Jugular foramen
Superior ganglion of vagus nerve
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (motor to muscles of palate and pharynx; sensory to lower pharynx)
Communicating branch of vagus nerve to carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
Pharyngeal plexus
Superior laryngeal nerve:
Internal branch (sensory and parasympathetic)
External branch (motor to cricothyroid muscle)
Superior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Inferior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Thoracic cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (motor to muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; sensory and parasympathetic to larynx below vocal folds; parasympathetic, efferent, and afferent to upper esophagus and trachea)
Pulmonary plexus
Cardiac plexus
Exophageal plexus
Anterior vagal trunk
Gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk (branches from posterior trunk behind stomach)
Vagal fibers (parasympathetic motor, secretomotor, and afferent fibers) accompany superior mesenteric artery and its branches usually as far as left colic (splenic) flexure
Small intestine
Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema
Nucleus ambiguus
Vagus nerve (X)
Cranial root of accessory nerve
Spinal root of accessory nerve
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Superior ganglion of vagus nerve
Accessory nerve (XI)
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
C1 spinal nerve
C2 spinal nerve
Accessory nerve (to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
C3 spinal nerve
C4 spinal nerve
Trapezius muscle
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII): Schema
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)(in hypoglossal canal)
Superior longitudinal of Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Transverse and vertical of Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Inferior longitudinal of Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Styloglossus muscle
Meningeal branch
Hypoglossal nucleus
Occipital condyle
Dorsal root ganglion
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
Ventral rami of C1, 2, 3 form ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Superior root of ansa cervicalis
Internal carotid artery
Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
Ansa cervicalis
Middle cervical ganglion
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Genioglossus muscle
Geniohyoid muscle (via C1)
Hyoglossus muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle (Via C1)
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Cervical Plexus: Schema
Geniohyoid muscle
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Great auricular nerve Lesser Occipital nerve Greater occipital nerve (from dorsal ramus of C2)
Nerve to thyrohyoid
Thyrohyoid muscle
Superior root of ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
Transverse cervical nerve
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Ansa cervicalis
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Supraclavicular nerves (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
Phrenic nerve
Communication brachial plexus
Nerves to longus capitis and colli, levator scapulae, and middle scalene muscles
Trapezius muscle
Nerves to longus capitis and colli and levator scapulae muscles
Nerves to anterior and lateral rectus capitis and longus capitis and colli muscles
Autonomic Nerves in Neck
Internal carotid nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Jugular nerve
Laryngopharyngeal sympathetic branch
Vagus nerve (X)(cut)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Gray rami communicantes
Subclavian artery
Gray and white rami communicantes
Pharyngeal plexus
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
External carotid artery and plexus
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal carotid artery and carotid branch (of Hering) of glossopharyngeal nerve
Carotid body
Carotid sinus
Superior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Phrenic nerve (cut)
Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
Common carotid artery and plexus
Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
Common carotid artery and plexus
Middle cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Vertebral ganglion
Vertebral artery and plexus
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
Ansa subclavia
Vagus nerve (X) (cut)
Inferior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Thoracic sympathetic and vagal cardiac nerves
Autonomic Nerves in Head
Sensory root of Trigeminal nerve (V)
Motor root of Trigeminal nerve (V)
Ganglion of Trigeminal nerve (V)
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of ppterygoid canal
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Frontal and lacrimal nerves (cut)
Nasociliary nerve
Sensory Roots of ciliary ganglion
Sympathetic Roots of ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic Roots of ciliary ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary nerve
Short ciliary nerves
Posterior, superior, and inferior lateral nasal nerves
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Middle meningeal artery and plexus
Facial artery and plexus
Pharyngeal plexus
Maxillary artery and plexus
External carotid artery and plexus
Common carotid artery and plexus
Superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Superior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Cervical sympathetic trunk
Carotid sinus
Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
Internal carotid artery and plexus
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Superior laryngeal nerve (cut)
Pharyngeal branch of vagus (X)
Chorda tympani nerve
Internal carotid nerve
Otic ganglion
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Vagus nerve (X)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg)
Facial nerve (VII)
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Internal carotid artery and plexus
Ciliary Ganglion: Schema
Sphincter pupillae muscle
Dilator pupillae muscle
Ciliary muscle
Short ciliary nerves
Ciliary ganglion
Oculomotor (parasympathetic) root of ciliary ganglion
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger - Westphal) nucleus (parasympathetic
Superior colliculus
Lateral geniculate body
Optic nerve (II)
Nasociliary nerve
Long ciliary nerve
Nasociliary (sensory) root of ciliary ganglion
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
Ophthalmic artery
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Trigeminal ganglion
Internal carotid plexus
Internal carotid artery
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
1st thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglion
Gray ramus communicans
White ramus communicans
T1 spinal nerve
Dorsal root ganglion
Tympanic plexus
Tectospinal tract
Thoracic part of spinal cord
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter
Pterygopalatine and Submandibular Ganglia: Schema
Superior salivatory nucleus
Facial nerve (VII)(intermediate nerve)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Chorda tympani nerve
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Trigeminal ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Otic ganglion
Lingual nerve
Maxillary nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Lacrimal gland
Descending palatine nerves
Posterior nasal nerves
Pharyngeal nerve
Maxillary artery
Internal carotid nerve
Greater Palatine nerves
Lesser Palatine nerves
Submandibular ganglion
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Facial artery
Lingual artery
External carotid artery and plexus
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
White Rami communicantes
Gray Rami communicantes
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
T1 and T2 spinal nerves
Thoracic spinal cord
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter
Otic Ganglion: Schema
Pons
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Facial nerve (VII)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Chorda tympani nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve
Trigeminal ganglion
Mandibular nerve (V2)
Otic ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Auriculotemporal nerve
Superficial temporal artery
Parotid gland
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Common carotid artery
Medulla oblongata
Tympanic plexus
Tympanic nerve (of Jacobson)
Inferior ganglion (IX)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
T1 and T2 spinal nerves
Thoracic spinal cord
Dorsal root
Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter
Ventral root
White Rami communicantes
Gray Rami communicantes
Taste Pathways: Schema
Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus
Sensory cortex (just inferior to face area)
Lateral hypothalamic area
Amygdaloid body
Pontine taste area
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Lingual nerve
Otic ganglion
Chorda tympani nerve from intermediate nerve
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Vallate papillae
Epiglottis
Larynx
Superior laryngeal nerve
Vagus nerve (X)
Inferior (nodes) ganglion of vagus nerve
Inferior (petrosal ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
Medulla oblongata (lower part)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Nucleus of solitary tract (rostral part)
Facial nerve (VII)
Intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg)
Geniculate ganglion
Greater petrosal nerve from intermediate nerve
Pons
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic nucleus
Arteries to Brain and Meninges
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Left middle meningeal artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Left labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Mastoid branch of left occipital artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior meningeal branch of left ascending pharyngeal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Left and right vertebral arteries (intracranial part)
Posterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Anterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
Internal carotid artery
Carotid sinus
Carotid body
Vertebral artery (cervical part)
Transverse process of C6
Deep cervical artery
Supreme intercostal artery
Costocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Posterior communicating artery
Cavernous sinus
Middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
External carotid artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Internal Carotid Artery in Petrous Part of Temporal Bone
Middle cerebral artery and branches
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Anterior choroidal artery
Cerebral part of internal carotid artery
Posterior communicating artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Superior hypophyseal arteries
Right optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Anterior cerebral arteries (A2 segments)
Anterior communicating artery
Medial frontobasal (medial orbitofrontal) artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior cerebral artery (A1 segment)
Ophthalmic artery
Left optic nerve
Sphenoidal sinus
Dorsal meningeal artery
Meningeal branch
Artery to inferior cavernous sinus (inferolateral trunk) and branch to superior orbital fissure
Artery of pterygoid canal
Cavernous part of internal carotid artery
Branch to foramen rotundum
Internal external carotid artery anastomosis
Branch to foramen spinosum
Branch to foramen ovale
Cervical part of internal carotid artery
Petrous parts of internal carotid artery (under bone)
Middle meningeal artery (indirect branch of external carotid artery)
Recurrent artery of foramen lacerum
Caroticotympanic artery
Meningohypophyseal trunk
Tentorial branch (of meningohypophyseal trunk)
Posterior cerebral artery (P2 segment)
Arteries to Brain: Schema
Anterior communicating artery
Ophthalmic artery
Supra-orbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
Lacrimal artery
Dorsal nasal artery
Middle meningeal artery
Angular artery
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Anterior spinal artery
Spinal segmental medullary branches
Vertebral artery
Common carotid artery
Deep cervical artery
Superficial cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Supreme intercostal artery
Costcocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Internal thoracic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Caroticotympanic branch of internal carotid artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
Basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Arch of Aorta
Descending Aorta Segment
Ascending Aorta Segment
Arteries of Brain: Inferior Views
Medial frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Internal carotid artery
Anterolateral central (lenitculostriate) arteries
Middle cerebral artery
Lateral (frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Prefrontal artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Pontine arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Vertebral artery
Anterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) (cut)
Posterior spinal artery
Cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) (broke line)
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Optic tract
Posterior cerebral artery
Cerebral crus
Lateral geniculate body
Posterior medial choroidal artery
Posterior lateral choroidal artery
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Medial geniculate body
Pulvinar of thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis)
Vessels dissected out: inferior view
Vertebral artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Pontine arteries
Basilar artery
Superior cerebellar artery
(P2 segment) of Posterior cerebral artery
(P1 segment) of Posterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Ophthalmic artery
(A1 segment) of Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
(A2 segment) of Anterior cerebral artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anteromedial central (perforating) arteries
Hypothalamic artery
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Superior hypophyseal artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Thalamotuberal (premammillary) artery
Posteromedial central (perforating) arteries
Thalamoperforating artery
Posteromedial central (paramedian) arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Vessels in situ: inferior view
Posterior cerebral artery
Efferent hypophyseal veins
Posterior communicating artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Middle cerebral artery
Superior hypophyseal artery
Internal carotid artery
Hypothalamic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Optic chiasm
Cavernous sinus
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk) and long hypophyseal portal veins
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Posteromedial central (perforating arteries
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Arteries of Brain: Frontal View and Section
Corpus callosum
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Lateral frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Prefrontal artery
Precentral (pre-rolandic) and central (rolandic) sulcal arteries
Posterior parietal artery
Branch to angular gyrus
Temporal branches (anterior, middle, and posterior)
Middle cerebral artery and branches (deep in lateral cerebral [sylvian] sulcus)
Anterior communicating artery
Posteiror communicating artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Posterior spinal artery
Paracentral artery
Medial frontal branches
Pericallosal artery
Callosomarginal artery
Polar frontal artery
Anterior cerebral arteries
Medial frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Internal carotid artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar and pontine arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Veretebral artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar aretery (PICA)
Anterior spinal artery
Corpus striatum (caudate and lentiform nuclei)
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Insula (island of Reil)
Precentral (pre-rolandic), central (rolandic) sulcal, and parietal arteries
Lateral cerebral (sylvian) sulcus
Temporal branches of middle cerebral artery
Temporal lobe
Middle cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Falx cerebri
Callosomarginal arteries
Pericallosal arteries (branches of anterior cerebral arteries)
Trunk of corpus callosum
Internal capsule
Septum pellucidum
Rostrum of corpus callosum
Anterior cerebral arteries
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior communicating artery
Optic chiasm
Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial Views
Anterior temporal branch
Superior and inferior terminal branches (trunks)
Middle temporal branch
Posterior temporal branch
Occipitotemporal branches
Terminal branches of posterior cerebral artery
Branch to angular gyrus
Posterior parietal artery
Anterior parietal (postcentral sulcal) artery
Central (rolandic) sulcal artery
Precentral (pre-rolandic) sulcal artery
Prefrontal sulcal artery
Terminal branches of anterior cerebral artery
Lateral frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
left middle cerebral artery
Left anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Right anterior cerebral artery
Left internal carotid artery
Polar temporal artery
Right internal carotid artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior communicating artery (cut)
Medial frontobasal (orbito-frontal) artery
Right anterior cerebral artery
Polar frontal artery
Callosomarginal artery
Posterior of Medial frontal branches
Intermediate of Medial frontal branches
Anterior of Medial frontal branches
Pericallosal artery
Paracentral artery
Cingular branches
Right posterior cerebral artery
Precuneal artery
Dorsal branch to corpus callosum
Parieto-occipital branch
Calcarine branch
Medial occipital artery
Posterior temporal branch
Anterior temporal branch
Posterior communicating artery
Arteries of Posterior Cranial Fossa
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Anterior cerebral arteries
Corpus callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Heads of caudate nuclei
Anterolateral central (lenitculostriate) arteries
Crura of fornix
Anterior choroidal artery
Thalamogeniculate arteries
Lateral and medial geniculate bodies of left thalamus
Choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles
Pulvinars of left and right thalami
Splenium of corpus callosum
Occipital (posterior) horn of right lateral ventricle
Right dorsal branch to corpus callosum (posterior pericallosal artery)
Parieto-occipital of Branches of right posterior cerebral artery
Calcarine of Branches of right posterior cerebral artery
Optic nerve (II)
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Thalamoperforating arteries
Left internal carotid artery
Basilar artery
Pontine arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Anterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Temporal branches of posterior cerebral artery
Anterior spinal artery
Left vertebral artery
Left posterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Posterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Outline of 4th ventricle (broken line)
Cerebellar tonsillar branch of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Choroidal branch to 4th ventricle (phantom)
Inferior vermian artery (phantom)
Lateral (marginal) branch
Posterior lateral choroidal artery
Posterior medial choroidal artery to choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Superior vermian branch
Superior colliculi
Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa
Superior sagittal sinus
Left transverse sinus (cut)
Confluence of sinuses
Tentorium cerebelli (cut)
Falx cerebri
Straight sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Dorsal vein of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Splenium of corpus callosum
Internal cerebral veins
Right pulvinar
Left pulvinar
Left superior and inferior colliculi
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Posterior mesencephalic vein
Medial geniculate body
Lateral mesencephalic vein
Lateral geniculate body
Left thalamus (cut surface)
Optic tract
Inferior thalamo-striate veins
Deep middle cerebral vein (cut)
Anterior cerebral vein
Optic nerve (II)
Oculo-motor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Anterior ponto-mesencephalic vein
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Transverse pontine vein
Petrosal vein (draining to superior petrosal sinus
Lateral pontine vein
Anteromedian medullary vein
Vein of lateral recess of 4th ventricle
Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Anterior spinal vein
4th ventricle with choroid plexus
Posterior spinal vein
(Inferior retrotonsillar) vein of cerebellomedullary cistern
Superior retrotonsillar vein
Precentral cerebellar vein
Preculminate vein
Superior
Preculminate vein
Superior cerebellar vein (inconstant)
Intraculminate vein
Inferior cerebellar hemispheric veins
Falx cerebelli (cut) and occipital sinus
Inferior vermian vein
Superior vermian vein
Parts of cerebellum
Lingula
Central lobule
Culmen
Declive
Folium
Tuber
Pyramid
Uvula
Nodule
Tonsil
Deep Veins of Brain
Dissection: superior view
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Anterior cerebral veins and arteries
Rostrum of corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Anterior vein of septum pellucidum
Head of caudate nucleus
Anterior vein of caudate nucleus
Transverse veins of caudate nucleus
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Columns of fornix
Superior thalamostriate vein
Superior choroid vein and choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Thalamus
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle
Lateral direct vein
Posterior vein of caudate nucleus
Internal cerebral veins
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Tentorium cerebelli
Transverse sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus
Dissection: inferior view
Anterior cerebral vein
Superficial middle cerebral vein (draining to sphenoparietal sinus)
Deep middle cerebral vein
Cerebral crus
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
Pulvinar of thalamus
Splenium of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen
Uncal vein
Optic chiasm
Inferior cerebral veins
Inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
Subependymal Veins of Brain
Genu of corpus callosum
Anterior vein of septum pellucidum
Anterior vein of caudate nucleus
Lateral ventricle
Superior thalamostriate vein
Transverse veins of caudate nucleus
Superior choroid vein
Superior thalamic veins
Posterior veins of spetum pellucidum
Lateral direct vein
Posterior terminal vein of caudate nucleus (posterior part of thalamostriate vein)
Internal cerebral veins (right and left)
Medial (atrial) vein of lateral ventricle
Lateral (atrial) vein of lateral ventricle
Splenium of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Dorsal vein of corpus callosum
Inferior sagittal sinus
Internal occipital vein
Straight sinus
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Anterior commissure
Interthalamic adhesion
Anterior cerebral vein
Optic chiasm
3rd ventricle
Deep middle cerebral vein
Inferior thalamostriate veins
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Posterior mesencephalic vein
Hippocampal and inferior ventricular veins
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
Lateral and median apertures of 4th ventricle
Superior vermian vein
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
Septum pellucidum
Thalamus
Fornix
Interthalamic adhesion
Hypothalamic sulcus
Anterior commissure
Paraventricular of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Posterior of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Dorsomedial of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Supra-optic of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Ventromedial Arcuate (infundibular) Mammillary body
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Mammillothalamic tract (of Vicq d'Azyr)
Cerebral aqueduct
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and other descending pathways
Lamina terminalis
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
Supra-optic hypothalamic nucleus
Supra-optico hypophyseal tract
Tuberohypophyseal tract
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
Hypothalamic sulcus
Mammillary body
Arcuate (infundibular) nucleus
Pars tuberalis of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Fibrous trabecula of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Pars intermedia of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Pars distalis of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Cleft
Hypothalamic sulcus
Mammillary body
Arcuate (infundibular) nucleus
Median eminence of tuber cinereum of Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Infundibular stern of Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Infundibular process of Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
Hypothalamic vessels
Superior hypophyseal artery
Artery of trabecula
Trabecula (fibrous tissue)
Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus
Secondary plexus of hypophyseal portal system
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Efferent hypophyseal veins to cavernous sinus
Primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system
Long hypophyseal portal veins
Short hypophyseal portal veins
Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus
Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe pituitary gland)
Capillary plexus of infundibular process
Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Cranial Imaging (MRV and MRA)
Bridging vein
Superior sagittal sinus
Internal cerebral vein
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Internal jugular vein
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Cranial Imaging (MRI)
Subarachnoid space
Gray matter
Longitudinal fissure
White matter
Anterior cerebral artery
Third ventricle
Temporal lobe Red nucleus
Midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Quadrigeminal cistern
Cerebellum
Superior sagittal sinus
Corpus callosum
Head of caudate
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Pons
Basilar artery
Vertebral artery
Genu of corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle Fornix
Splenium of corpus callosum
Pineal gland
Tectum
Pituitary gland
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Pharyngeal tonsil
Posterior arch of atlas
Spinal cord
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