Fundamental Philosophy Surgery Series
Lower Limb
Topographic Anatomy | Lower Limb
Anterior view
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Inguinal ligament
Sartorius muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Great saphenous vein
Vastus medialis muscle
Iliotibial tract
Rectus femoris tendon (becoming part of quadriceps femoris tendon)
Patella
Patellar ligament
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Tibial tuberosity
Great saphenous vein
Tibialis anterior muscle
Anterior border of tibia
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Extensor digitorum longus tendons
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Posterior view
Iliac crest
Gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Greater trochanter of femur
Gluteal fold
Iliotibial tract
Semitendinosus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Biceps femoris muscle
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Gracilis tendon
Great saphenous vein
Popliteal fossa
Gastrocnemius muscle
Medial head of Gastrocnemius muscle
Lateral head of Gastrocnemius muscle
Small saphenous vein
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Calcaneal tuberosity
Plantar surface of foot
Hip and Thigh | Hip (Coxal) Bone
Lateral view
Gluteal lines
Anterior of Gluteal lines
Inferior of Gluteal lines
Posterior of Gluteal lines
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior Inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Body of ilium
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Body of ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Ramus of ischium
Iliac crest
Intermediate zone of Iliac crest
Tuberculum of Iliac crest
Outer lip of Iliac crest
Wing (ala) of ilium (gluteal surface)
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Lunate surface
Margin (limbus) of acetabulum
Acetabular notch
Superior pubic ramus
Pubic tubercle
Obturator crest
Inferior pubic ramus
Obturator foramen
Medial view
Anterior superior iliac spine
Wing (ala) of ilium (iliac fossa)
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Arcuate line
Iliopubic eminence
Superior pubic ramus
Pecten pubis (pectineal line)
Pubic tubercle
Symphyseal surface
Obturator groove
Inferior pubic ramus
Iliac crest
Intermediate zone of iliac crest
Inner lip of iliac crest
Iliac tuberosity
Posterior superior iliac spine
Auricular surface (for sacrum)
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Body of ilium
Lesser sciatic notch
Body of ischium
Ischial tuberosity
Ramus of ischium
Obturator foramen
Hip and Thigh | Hip Joint
Anterior view
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Lesser trochanter
Iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament of Bigelow)
Iliopectineal bursa (over gap in ligaments)
Pubofemoral ligament
Obturator crest
Superior pubic ramus
Posterior view
Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Zona orbicularis
Greater trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter
Protrusion of synovial membrane
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial spine
Joint opened: lateral view
Lunate (articular) surface of acetabulum
Articular cartilage
Greater trochanter
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Intertrochanteric line
Ligament of head of femur (cut)
Lesser trochanter
Ischial tuberosity
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Iliopubic eminence
Acetabular labrum (fibrocartilaginous)
Fat in acetabular fossa (covered by synovial membrane)
Obturator artery
Anterior branch
Posterior branch
Acetabular branch
Obturator membrane
Transverse acetabular ligament
Hip and Thigh | Hip Joint: Anteroposterior Radiograph
Acetabulum
Femur
Greater trochanter
Head of femur
Ischium
Intertrochanteric crest
Ilium
Ischial tuberosity
Lesser trochanter
Neck
Obturator foramen
Pubis (superior ramus)
Hip and Thigh | Femur
Anterior view
Greater trochanter
Head
Fovea for ligament of head
Neck
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Shaft (body)
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Patellar surface
Posterior view
Greater trochanter
Trochanteric fossa
Head
Fovea for ligament of head
Neck
Intertrochanteric crest
Calcar
Lesser trochanter
Pectineal line
Gluteal tuberosity
Medial lip of Linea aspera
Lateral lip of Linea aspera
Nutrient foramen
Shaft (body)
Popliteal surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Medial condyle
Medial epicondyle
Adductor tubercle
Hip and Thigh | Bony Attachments of Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Anterior View
Origin of psoas major muscle from sides of vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and transverse processes (T12-L4)
Piriformis muscle
Pectineus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Obturator externus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Iliacus muscle
Sartorius muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Obturator internus and superior and inferior gemellus muscles
Piriformis muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Articularis genus muscle
Iliotibial tract
Biceps femoris muscle
Quadriceps femoris muscle (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis via patellar ligament)
Sartorius muscle of Pes anserinus
Gracilis muscle of Pes anserinus
Semitendinous muscle of Pes anserinus
Hip and Thigh | Bony Attachments of Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Posterior View
Gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Sartorius muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Obturator externus muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
Quadratus externus muscle
Iliopsoas muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Biceps femoris muscle (short head)
Adductor magnus muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)
Popliteus muscle
Popliteus muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)
Adductor magnus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Pectineus muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Biceps femoris (long head)
Semitendinous muscles
Adductor magnus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Inferior gemellus muscle
Superior gemellus muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Hip and Thigh | Muscles of Thigh: Anterior Views
Anterior superior iliac spine
Iliacus muscle
Psoas major muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
Inguinal ligament
Pubic tubercle
Iliopsoas muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Pectineus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Sartorius muscle
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Iliotibial tract
Rectus femoris tendon (becoming part of quadriceps femoris tendon)
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Patella
Medial patellar retinaculum
Patellar ligament
Sartorius tendon of Pes anserinus
Gracilis tendon of Pes anserinus
Semitendinous tendon of Pes anserinus
Tibial tuberosity
Pectineus muscle
Ligaments of hip joint
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Sartorius muscle (origin)
Anterior superior iliac spine
Tensor fasciae latae muscle (origin)
Rectus femoris muscle (origin)
Greater trochanter
Iliopsoas muscle (cut)
Adductor longus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Anteromedial intermuscular septum
Iliotibial tract (cut)
Rectus femoris tendon (cut)
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Patella
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Medial patellar retinaculum
Head of fibula
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Sartorius tendon
Hip and Thigh | Muscles of Thigh: Anterior Views (continued)
Deep dissection
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Ligaments of hip joint
Greater trochanter of femur
Iliopsoas muscle (cut)
Pectineus muscle (cut and reflected)
Adductor brevis muscle (cut and reflected)
Femoral artery and vein passing through hiatus of adductor magnus muscle
Vastus medialis muscle (cut)
Rectus femoris tendon (cut as it becomes part of quadriceps tendon)
Vastus lateralis muscle (cut)
Lateral epicondyle of femur
Patella
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Fibular collateral ligament
Head of fibula
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Pectineus muscle (cut and reflected)
Superior ramus of pubis
Adductor longus muscle (cut and reflected)
Adductor brevis muscle (cut)
Pubic tubercle
Gracilis muscle (cut)
Obturator externus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Adductor minimus part of adductor magnus muscle
Openings for perforating branches of profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Tendon of adductor magnus muscle interesting on adductor tubercle on medial epicondyle of femur
Gracilis muscle (cut)
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial patellar retinaculum
Sartorius tendon (cut) of Pes anserinus
Gracilis tendon of Pes anserinus
Semitendinous tendon of Pes anserinus
Hip and Thigh | Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Lateral View
Iliac crest
Gluteal aponeurosis over gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Iliotibial tract
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Fibular collateral ligament
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)
Head of fibula
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
External oblique muscle
Anterior superior iliac spine
Sartorius muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Lateral condyle of tibia and Gerdy’s tubercle
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Patella
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Patella ligament
Tibialis anterior muscle
Hip and Thigh | Muscles of Hip and Thigh: Posterior Views
Superficial dissection
Iliac crest
Gluteal aponeurosis muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Semitendinous muscle
Biceps femoris muscle (long head)
Adductor magnus muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Semitendinous muscle
Popliteal vessels and tibial nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Plantaris muscle
Medial head of Gastrocnemius muscle
Lateral head of Gastrocnemius muscle
Sartorius muscle
Tendinous arch of Soleus muscle
Deeper dissection
Gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Sciatic nerve
Sacrospinous ligament
Superior gemellus muscle
Obturator internus muscle
Inferior gemellus muscle
Sacrotuberous ligament
Quadratus femoris muscle
Ischial tuberosity
Semitendinous muscle
Greater trochanter
Biceps femoris muscle (long head)
Adductor minimus part of adductor magnus muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Iliotibial tract
Gracilis muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Semitendinous muscle
Plantaris muscle
Medial head of Gastrocnemius muscle
Lateral head of Gastrocnemius muscle
Sartorius muscle
Popliteus muscle
Tendinous arch of Soleus muscle
Plantaris tendon (cut)
Hip and Thigh | Psoas and Iliacus Muscles
12th rib
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Transversus abdominis muscle (cut)
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Psoas minor muscle
Psoas major muscle
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Iliacus muscle
Femoral nerve
Superior pubic ramus
Greater trochanter of femur
Iliopsoas muscle passes backward to insertion on lesser trochanter
Shaft (body) of femur
Origin of psoas major muscle from vertebral bodies, transverse processes, and intervertebral discs (T12 - L4) and origin of psoas minor muscle from vertebral bodies (T12, L1)
Lumbar plexus
Lumbosacral trunk
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Iliopectineal bursa
Iliofemoral ligament of hip joint (Y ligament of Bigelow)
Abductors (gluteus medius and minimus muscle) Adductors
Note: Arrows indicate direction of action of iliopsoas muscle
Hip and Thigh | Lumosacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
Sympathetic trunk
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus
Coccygeal plexus
Rami communicantes
Intercostal nerve (T11)
Subcostal nerve (T12)
Iliohypogastric nerve (T12, L1)
Ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
To psoas major and psoas minor muscles
Genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2)
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2, L3)
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
To psoas major and iliacus muscles
Anterior branches of subcostal iliohypogastric nerves
Lateral branches of subcostal iliohypogastric nerves
Lumbosacral trunk
Nerve to quadratus femoris (and inferior gemellus) (L4, L5, S1)
Nerve to obturator internus (and superior gemellus) (L5, S1, S2)
Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1)
Nerve to piriformis (S1, S2)
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Accessory obturator nerve (L3, L4) (inconstant)
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Sciatic nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1, S2, S3)
Pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2) of Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) of Sciatic nerve
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Co Coccygeal plexus
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Perforating cutaneous nerve (S2, S3)
Nerve to levator ani and coccygeus (S3, S4)
Perineal branch of 4th sacral nerve
Anococcygeal nerves
Obturator nerve
Inferior anal (rectal) nerve
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
Perineal nerve and Posterior scrotal/labial branches
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Hip and Thigh | Lumbar Plexus
Schema
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
Subcostal nerve (T12)
White and gray rami communicantes
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Gray rami communicantes
Muscular branches to psoas and iliacus muscles
Femoral nerve
Accessory obturator nerve (often absent)
Obturator nerve
Lumbosacral trunk
Diaphragm (cut)
Subcostal nerve (T12)
Sympathetic trunk
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve (cut)
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Psoas major muscle (cut)
Lumbosacral trunks
Inguinal ligament (Poupart’s)
White and gray rami communicantes
Subcostal nerve (T12)
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
Transversus abdominis muscle
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Psoas major muscle
Gray rami communicantes
Genitofemoral nerve
Iliacus muscle
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Femoral nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Hip and Thigh | Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses
Schema
Lumbosacral trunk
Gray rami communicantes
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic to inferior hypogastric [pelvic] plexus)
Coccygeal nerve
Anococcygeal nerve
Perineal branch of 4th sacral nerve
Nerve to levator ani and coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscles
Pudendal nerve
Perforating cutaneous nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Nerve to piriformis
Tibial nerve to Sciatic nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve of Sciatic nerve
Topography: medial and slightly anterior view of hemisected pelvis
Sympathetic
Gray rami communicantes
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (cut)
(parasympathetic to inferior hypogastric [pelvic] plexus)
Sacral splanchnic nerves (cut) (sympathetic to inferior hypogastric [pelvic] plexus)
Lumbosacral trunk
Psoas major muscle
Superior gluteal artery and nerve
Obturator nerve
Iliacus muscle
Inferior gluteal artery
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Pudendal nerve
Obturator internus muscle
Superior pubic ramus
Piriformis muscle
Coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) muscle
Nerve to levator ani muscle
Levator ani muscle
Hip and Thigh | Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Anterior Views
Superficial dissections
Anterior superior iliac spine
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Inguinal ligament
Iliopsoas muscle
Superficial circumflex iliac vessels
Superficial epigastric vessels
Superficial pudendal vessels
Deep external pudendal vessels
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Fascia lata (cut)
Vastus medialis muscle
Sartorius muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Femoral nerve, artery, and vein
Femoral sheath
Tensor fasciae latae muscle (retracted)
Gluteus minimus and medius muscles
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Saphenous nerve and saphenous branch of descending genicular artery
Articular branch of descending genicular artery (emerges from vastus medialis muscle)
Patellar anastomosis
Infrapatellar branch of Saphenous nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (cut)
Sartorius muscle (cut)
Iliopsoas muscle
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Pectineus muscle
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor canal (opened by removal of sartorius muscle)
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vastus medialis muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Anteromedial intermuscular septum covers entrance of femoral vessels to popliteal fossa (adductor hiatus)
Sartorius muscle (cut)
Superior medial genicular artery (from popliteal artery)
Inferior medial genicular artery (from popliteal artery)
Hip and Thigh | Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Anterior Viess (continued)
Deep dissection
Deep circumflex iliac artery
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Sartorius muscle (cut)
Iliopsoas muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle (retracted)
Gluteus medius and minimus muscles
Femoral nerve
Rectus femoris muscle (cut)
Ascending, transverse and descending branches of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Pectineus muscle (cut)
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Perforating branches
Adductor longus muscle (cut)
Vastus lateralis muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Rectus femoris muscle (cut)
Saphenous nerve
Anteromedial intermuscular septum (opened)
Vastus medialis muscle
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Patella and patellar anastomosis
Medial patellar retinaculum
Patellar ligament
External iliac artery and vein
Inguinal ligament (Poupart’s)
Femoral artery and vein (cut)
Pectineus muscle (cut)
Obturator canal
Obturator externus muscle
Adductor longus muscle (cut)
Anterior branch of obturator nerve
Posterior branch of obturator nerve
Quadratus femoris muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Branches of posterior branch of obturator nerve
Adductor magnus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
Femoral artery and vein (cut)
Descending genicular artery
Articular branch of Descending genicular artery
Saphenous branch of Descending genicular artery
Adductor hiatus
Sartorius muscle (cut)
Adductor magnus tendon
Adductor tubercle on medial epicondyle of femur
Superior medial genicular artery (from popliteal artery)
Infrapatellar branch of Saphenous nerve
Inferior medial genicular artery (from popliteal artery)
Hip and Thigh | Arteries and Nerves of Thigh: Posterior View
Deep dissection
Superior clunial nerves
Gluteus maximus muscle (cut)
Medial clunial nerves
Inferior gluteal artery and nerve
Pudendal nerve
Nerve to obturator internus (and superior gemellus)
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Sacrotuberous ligament
Ischial tuberosity
Inferior clunial nerves (cut)
Adductor magnus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Sciatic nerve
Muscular branches of sciatic nerve
Semitendinous muscle (retracted)
Semimembranous muscle
Sciatic nerve
Articular branch
Adductor branch
Adductor hiatus
Popliteal vein and artery
Superior medial genicular artery
Medial epicondyle of femur
Tibial nerve
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)
Medial sural cutaneous nerve
Small saphenous vein
Iliac crest
Gluteal aponeurosis and gluteus medius muscle (cut)
Superior gluteal artery and nerve
Gluteal minimus muscle
Superior gluteal artery and nerve
Gluteus minimus muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Piriformis muscle
Gluteus medius muscle (cut)
Superior gemellus muscle
Greater trochanter of femur
Obturator internus muscle
Inferior gemellus muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle (cut)
Quadratus femoris muscle
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Vastus lateralis muscle and iliotibial tract
Adductor minimus part of adductor magnus muscle
1st perforating artery (from profunda femoris artery)
Adductor magnus muscle
2nd and 3rd perforating arteries (from profunda femoris artery)
Long head (retracted) of Biceps femoris muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Superior lateral genicular artery
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Hip and Thigh | Nerves of Hip and Buttock
Iliac crest
Gluteus medius muscle (cut)
Gluteus minimus muscle
Piriformis muscle
Superior gemellus muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Gluteus medius muscle (cut)
Obturator internus muscle
Nerve to quadratus femoris (and inferior gemellus) supplying articular branch to hip joint
Greater trochanter of femur
Intertrochanteric crest
Inferior gemellus muscle
Quadratus femoris muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle (cut)
Sciatic nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Inferior clunial nerves
Biceps femoris muscle (long head) (covers semimembranous muscle)
Semitendinous muscle
Ischial tuberosity
Perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Posterior scrotal nerve
Perineal nerve
Dorsal nerve of penis
Inferior anal (rectal) nerve
Sacrotuberous ligament
Perforating cutaneous nerve
Sacrospinous ligament
Ischial spine
Pudendal nerve
Nerve to obturator internus (and superior gemellus)
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sciatic nerve
Superior gluteal nerve
Gluteal maximus muscle (cut)
Hip and Thigh | Arteries of Femoral Head and Neck
Anterior view
Superior Retinacular arteries (subsynovial)
Anterior Retinacular arteries (subsynovial)
Inferior Retinacular arteries (subsynovial)
Anastomosis between medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
Iliofemoral (Y) ligament and joint capsule
Ascending branches of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Transverse branches of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending branches of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Acetabular branch of obturator artery
Iliopsoas tendon
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Nutrient artery of femur
Posterior view
Acetabular branch of obturator artery
Superior Retinacular arteries (subsynovial)
Posterior Retinacular arteries (subsynovial
Inferior Retinacular arteries (subsynovial)
Anastomosis
Ischiofemoral ligament and joint capsule
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Coronal section
Acetabular labrum
Ligaments and joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Retinacular arteries
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Epiphyseal place
Obturator artery
Acetabular branch
Anterior view in situ
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Anastomosis
Ascending Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Transverse Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending Lateral circumflex femoral artery branches
Iliopsoas muscle
Femoral artery
Pectineus muscle
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Femur of child: anterior view
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Iliopsoas tendon
Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Hip and Thigh | Thigh: Serial Cross Section
Sartorius muscle
Profunda femoris deep (deep femoral) artery and vein
Pectineus muscle
Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Vastus intermedius muscle
Femur
Vastus lateralis muscle
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Iliotibial tract
Gluteus maximus muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Iliotibial tract
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendinous muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Rectus femoris tendon
Vastus intermedius muscle
Iliotibial tract
Vastus lateralis muscle
Articularis genus muscle
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
Femur
Biceps femoris muscle
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Tibial nerve
Fascia lata
Branches of femoral nerve
Femoral artery and vein
Adductor longus muscle
Great saphenous vein
Obturator nerve (anterior branch)
Adductor brevis muscle
Obturator nerve (posterior branch)
Gracilis muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Sciatic nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Semimembranous muscle
Semitendinous muscle
Biceps femoris muscle (long head)
Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
Sartorius muscle
Nerve to vastus medialis muscle in adductor canal
Saphenous nerve in adductor canal
Femoral artery and vein in adductor canal
Great saphenous vein
Adductor longus muscle
Gracilis muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Adductor magnus muscle
Posterior intermuscular septum of thigh
Sciatic nerve
Vastus medialis muscle
Sartorius muscle
Saphenous nerve and descending genicular artery
Great saphenous vein
Gracilis muscle
Adductor magnus tendon
Popliteal vein and artery
Semimembranous muscle
Semitendinous muscle
Knee | Knee: Lateral and Medial Views
Lateral view
Iliotibial tract
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Bursa deep to iliotibial tract
Fibular collateral ligament and bursa deep to it
Plantaris muscle
Biceps femoris tendon and its inferior subtendinous bursa
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Head of fibula
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Patella
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Joint capsule of knee
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Tibialis anterior muscle
Medial view
Vastus medialis muscle
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Medial epicondyle of femur
Patella
Medial patellar retinaculum
Joint capsule
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Sartorius muscle
Gracilis muscle
Tendon of semitendinous muscle
Semimembranous muscle and tendon
Adductor magnus tendon
Parallel fibers of Tibial collateral ligament
Oblique fibers of Tibial collateral ligament
Semimembranous bursa
Anserine bursa deep to Semitendinous tendons of Pes anserinus
Anserine bursa deep to Gracilis tendons of Pes anserinus
Anserine bursa deep to Sartorius tendons of Pes anserinus
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus muscle
Knee | Knee: Anterior Views
Right knee in extension
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis muscle
Iliotibial tract
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Lateral epicondyle of femur
Fibular collateral ligament and bursa
Biceps femoris tendon and its inferior subtendinous bursa
Broken line indicates bursa deep to iliotibial tract
Insertion of iliotibial tract to Gerdy’s tubercle and oblique line of tibia
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Head of fibula
Fibularis (peroneus longus muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Tibialis anterior muscle
Femur
Articularis genus muscle
Vastus medialis muscle
Rectus femoris tendon (becoming quadriceps femoris tendon)
Patella
Medial epicondyle of femur
Medial patellar retinaculum
Tibial collateral ligament
Semitendinous tendons of Pes anserinus
Gracilis tendons of Pes anserinus
Sartorius of Pes anserinus
Anserine bursa
Medial condyle of tibia
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Gastrocnemius muscle
Joint opened, knee slightly in flexion
Femur
Articularis genus muscle
Synovial membrane (cut edge)
Lateral condyle of femur
Origin of popliteus tendons (covered by synovial membrane)
Subpopliteal recess
Lateral meniscus
Fibular collateral ligament
Head of fibula
Patella (articular surface on posterior aspect)
Vastus lateralis muscle (reflected inferiorly)
Suprapatellar (synovial) bursa
Cruciate ligaments (covered by synovial membrane)
Medial condyle of femur
Infrapatellar synovial fold
Medial meniscus
Alar folds (cut)
Infrapatellar fat pads (lined by synovial membrane)
Suprapatellar (synovial) bursa (roof reflected)
Vastus medialis muscle (reflected inferiorly)
Knee | Knee: Interior
Inferior view
Iliotibial tract blended into lateral patellar retinaculum and capsule
Bursa
Subpopliteal recess
Popliteus tendon
Fibular collateral ligament
Bursa
Lateral condyle of femur
Anterior cruciate ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Patellar ligament
Medial patellar retinaculum blended into joint capsule
Suprapatellar synovial bursa
Synovial membrane (cut edge)
Infrapatellar synovial fold
Posterior cruciate ligament
Tibial collateral ligament (superficial and deep parts)
Medial condyle of femur
Oblique popliteal ligament
Semimembranous tendon
Posterior aspect
Superior view
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Fibular collateral ligament
Bursa
Popliteus tendon
Subpopliteal recess
Lateral meniscus
Superior articular surface of tibia (lateral facet)
Iliotibial tract blended into capsule
Infrapatellar fat pad
Semimembranous tendon
Oblique popliteal ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Tibial collateral ligament (deep part bound to medial meniscus)
Medial meniscus
Synovial membrane
Superior articular surface of tibia (medial facet)
Joint capsule
Anterior cruciate ligament
Patellar ligament
Anterior aspect
Superior view: ligaments and cartilage removed
Attachment of posterior cruciate ligament
Attachment of synovial membrane
Superior articular surface of tibia (lateral facet)
Attachments of horns of lateral meniscus
Attachments of horns of medial meniscus
Intercondylar eminence
Attachment of synovial membrane
Superior articular surface of tibia (medial facet)
Attachment of anterior cruciate ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior aspect
Knee | Knee Cruciate and Collateral Ligaments
Right knee in flexion: anterior view
Anterior cruciate ligament
Lateral condyle of femur (articular surface)
Popliteus tendon
Fibular collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus
Transverse ligament of knee
Head of fibula
Gerdy’s tubercle
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial condyle of femur (articular surface)
Medial meniscus
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial condyle of fibia
Tibial tuberosity
Right knee in extension: posterior view
Adductor tubercle on medial epicondyle of femur
Medial condyle of femur (articular surface)
Medial meniscus
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial condyle of tibia
Posterior cruciate ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
Lateral condyle of femur (articular surface)
Popliteus tendon
Fibular collateral ligament
Lateral meniscus
Head of fibula
Knee | Knee: Anteroposterior Radiograph
F Fibula
FE Femur
HF Head of fibula
ICE Intercondylar eminence
L Lateral epicondyle
LCF Lateral condyle of femur
LCT LAteral condyle of tibia
M Medial epicondyle
MCF Medial condyle of femur
MCT Medial condyle of tibia
P Patella
T Tibia
Knee | Knee: Posterior and Sagittal Views
Right knee: posterior view
Adductor magnus tendon
Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle
Medial head of subtendinous bursa
Tibial collateral ligament
Semimembranous tendon
Oblique popliteal ligament (tendinous expansion of semimembranous muscle)
Semimembranous bursa deep to tendon (broken line)
Popliteus muscle
Femur (popliteal surface)
Attachment of joint capsule
Plantaris muscle
Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle
Lateral head of subtendinous bursa
Biceps femoris tendon
Biceps femoris bursa
Arcuate popliteal ligament (edge of capsule that arches over popliteus muscle)
Head of fibula
Posterior ligament of fibular head
Attachment of joint capsule
Interosseous membrane
Tibia
Sagittal section (lateral to midline of knee)
Femur
Articularis genus muscle
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Suprapatellar fat body
Suprapatellar (synovial) bursa
Patella
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Articular cavity
Synovial membrane
Patellar ligament
Infrapatellar fat pad
Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
Deep (subtendinous) infrapatellar bursa
Lateral meniscus
Tibial tuberosity
Lateral subtendinous bursa of gastrocnemius muscle
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages Tibia
Knee | Arteries of Thigh and Knee: Schema
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
Femoral artery
Ascending branch of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Transverse branch of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Descending branch of Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Profunda femoris (deep femoral) artery
Perforating branches
Femoral artery passing through adductor hiatus
Superior lateral genicular artery
Patellar anastomosis
Inferior lateral genicular artery (partially in phantom)
Posterior tibial recurrent artery (phantom)
Circumflex fibular branch
Anterior tibial artery
Interosseous membrane
Superficial epigastric artery
Superficial external pudendal artery
Obturator artery
Deep external pudendal artery
Medial circumflex femoral artery
Femoral artery
Muscular branches
Descending genicular artery
Articular branch
Saphenous branch
Superior medial genicular artery
Popliteal artery (phantom)
Middle genicular artery (phantom)
Inferior medial genicular artery (partially in phantom)
Anterior tibial recurrent artery
Posterior tibial artery (phantom)
Fibular (peroneal) artery (phantom)
Leg | Tibia and Fibula
Bones of right leg
Anterior view
Lateral intercondylar tubercle of intercondylar eminence
Medial intercondylar tubercle of intercondylar eminence
Anterior intercondylar area
Lateral condyle
Apex of fibula
Head of fibula
Neck of fibula
Lateral surface
Anterior border
Interosseous border
Medial surface
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral malleolus
Articular facet of lateral malleolus
Inferior articular surface
Articular facet of medial malleolus
Medial malleolus
Medial border
Medial surface
Interosseous border
Anterior border
Lateral surface
Tibial tuberosity
Oblique line
Gerdy’s tubercle (insertion of iliotibial tract)
Medial condyle
Posterior view
Tibia
Fibula
Medial intercondylar tubercle of Intercondylar eminence
Lateral intercondylar tubercle of Intercondylar eminence
Posterior intercondylar area
Soleal line
Interosseous border
Posterior surface
Medial border
Groove for tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons
Medial malleolus
Articular facet of medial malleolus
Inferior articular surface
Malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Fibular notch
Posterior border
Lateral surface
Medial crest
Posterior surface
Nutrient foramen
Groove for insertion of semimembranous tendon
Apex of fibula
Head of fibula
Neck of fibula
Lateral condyle
Superior articular surfaces (medial and lateral facets)
Leg | Tibia and Fibula (continued)
Anterior view with ligament attachments
Iliotibial tract
Fibular collateral ligament
Biceps femoris tendon
Head of fibula
Anterior ligament of fibular head
Gerdy’s tubercle
Anterior border
Interosseus border
Lateral surface
Fibula
Tibia
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Lateral malleolus
Calcaneofibular ligament
Posterior of Cruciate ligaments
Anterior of Cruciate ligaments
Tibial collateral ligament
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior border
Interosseus border
Interosseous membrane
Lateral surface
Medial malleolus
Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle
Ankle talofibular ligament
Superior view
Posterior of Tibia and Fibula
Posterior ligament of fibular head
Apex of Fibula
Head of Fibula
Anterior ligament of fibular head
Lateral condyle
Superior articular surface (lateral facet)
Anterior intercondylar area (origin of anterior cruciate ligament)
Anterior of Tibia and Fibula
Posterior intercondylar area (origin of posterior cruciate ligament)
Intercondylar eminence
Medial condyle
Superior articular surface (medial facet)
Medial Intercondylar tubercles
Lateral Intercondylar tubercles
Tibial tuberosity
Cross section
Interosseous border
Interosseous membrane
Interosseous border
Anterior border
Lateral surface
Fibula
Posterior border
Lateral surface
Anterior border
Medial surface
Tibia
Medial border
Posterior surface
Medial surface
Medial crest
Posterior surface
Inferior view
Anterior tibiofibular ligament
Articular facet of lateral malleolus
Fibula
Malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Anterior
Posterior
Articular facet of medial malleolus
Medial malleolus
Tibia
Inferior articular surface of tibia
Leg | Attachments of Muscles of Leg
Anterior view
Iliotibial tract
Biceps femoris muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius muscle
Sartorius muscle of Pes anserinus
Gracilis muscle of Pes anserinus
Semitendinous muscle of Pes anserinus
Quadriceps femoris muscle via patellar ligament
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
Posterior view
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)
Semimembranous muscle
Popliteus muscle
Soleus muscle
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Tibialis posterior muscle
Tibialis anterior muscle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle
Popliteus muscle
Tibialis posterior muscle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Plantaris muscle
Soleus muscles via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Gastrocnemius muscles via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Leg | Muscles of Leg (Superficial Dissection): Posterior View
Semitendinous muscle
Semimembranous muscle
Gracilis muscle
Popliteal artery and vein
Sartorius muscle
Superior medial genicular artery
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)
Nerve to soleus muscle
Small saphenous vein
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus muscle
Plantaris tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Tibialis posterior tendon
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Medial malleolus
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Flexor retinaculum
Calcaneal branch of posterior tibial artery
Iliotibial tract
Biceps femoris muscle
Tibial nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Superior lateral genicular artery
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve (cut)
Medial sural cutaneous nerve (cut)
Soleus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Lateral malleolus
Superior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Fibular (peroneal) artery
Calcaneal branches of fibular (peroneal) artery
Calcaneal tuberosity
Leg | Muscles of Leg (Intermediate Dissection): Posterior View
Adductor magnus tendon
Popliteal artery and vein
Superior medial genicular artery
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head) (cut)
Tibial collateral ligament
Semimembranous tendon (cut)
Inferior medial genicular artery
Popliteus muscle
Tendinous arch
Tendinous arch of Soleus muscle
Plantaris tendon
Gastrocnemius muscle (cut)
Soleus muscle inserting into calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Tibialis posterior tendon
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Medial malleolus
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Flexor retinaculum
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Calcaneal branch of posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Superior lateral genicular artery
Lateral and medial sural cutaneous nerves (cut)
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head) (cut)
Fibular collateral ligament
Biceps femoris tendon (cut)
Plantaris muscle
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Head of fibula
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Nerve to soleus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Soleus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Lateral malleolus
Superior fibular peroneal) retinaculum
Fibular (peroneal) artery
Calcaneal branches of fibular (peroneal) artery
Calcaneal tuberosity
Leg | Muscles of Leg (Deep Dissection): Posterior View
Superior medial genicular artery
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head) (cut)
Sural (muscular) branches
Popliteal artery and tibial nerve
Tibial collateral ligament
Semimembranous tendon (cut)
Inferior medial genicular artery
Popliteus muscle
Posterior tibial recurrent artery
Tendinous arch of soleus muscle
Posterior tibial artery
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Tibial nerve
Tibialis posterior muscle
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (cut)
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Tibialis posterior tendon
Medial malleolus and posterior medial malleolar branch of posterior tibial artery
Flexor retinaculum
Medial calcaneal branches of posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve
Tibialis posterior tendon
Medial plantar artery and nerve
Lateral plantar artery and nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
1st metatarsal bone
Superior lateral genicular artery
Plantaris muscle (cut)
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head) (cut)
Fibular collateral ligament
Biceps femoris tendon (cut)
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Head of fibula
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Soleus muscle (cut and reflected)
Anterior tibial artery
Fibular (peroneal) artery
Flexor hallucis longus muscle (retracted)
Fibular (peroneal) artery
Interosseous membrane
Perforating branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Communicating branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Lateral malleolus and posterior lateral malleolar branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Superior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Lateral calcaneal branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Lateral calcaneal branch of sural nerve
Inferior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
5th metatarsal bone
Leg | Muscles of Leg (Superficial Dissection): Anterior View
Vastus lateralis muscle
Rectus femoris tendon (becoming quadriceps femoris tendon)
Iliotibial tract
Superior lateral genicular artery
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Biceps femoris tendon
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Head of fibula
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Tibialis anterior muscle
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Fibula
Superior extensor retinaculum
Lateral malleolus
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Extensor digitorum longus tendons
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius tendon
Extensor digitorum brevis tendons
Dorsal digitla nerves
Vastus medialis muscle
Patella
Superior medial genicular artery
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial patellar retinaculum
Inferior medial genicular artery
Infrapatellar branch (cut)
Infrapatellar branch (cut) of Saphenous nerve (cut)
Joint capsule
Patellar ligament
Insertion of sartorius muscle
Tibial tuberosity
Tibia
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus muscle
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
Medial malleolus
Tibialis anterior tendon
Medial branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Extensor hallucis brevis tendon
Dorsal digital branches of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Leg | Muscles of Leg (Deep Dissection): Anterior View
Superior lateral genicular artery
Fibular collateral ligament
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Iliotibial tract (cut)
Biceps femoris tendon (cut)
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Head of fibula
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle (cut)
Anterior tibial artery
Extensor digitorum longus muscle (cut)
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle and tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Perforating branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Anterior lateral malleolar artery
Lateral malleolus and arterial network
Lateral tarsal artery and lateral branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Posterior perforating branches from deep plantar arch
Extensor digitorum longus tendons (cut)
Extensor digitorum brevis tendons (cut)
Dorsal digital arteries
Branches of proper plantar digital arteries and nerves
Superior medial genicular artery
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Tibial collateral ligament
Medial patellar retinaculum
Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve (cut)
Inferior medial genicular artery
Saphenous nerve (cut)
Patellar ligament
Insertion of sartorius tendon
Anterior tibial recurrent artery and recurrent branch of deep peroneal nerve
Interosseus membrane
Tibialis anterior muscle (cut)
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus muscle
Tibia
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Extensor hallucis longus muscle and tendon (cut)
Interosseous membrane
Anterior medial malleolar artery
Medial malleolus and arterial network
Dorsalis pedis artery
Tibialis anterior tendon
Medial tarsal artery
Medial branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Arcuate artery
Deep plantar artery
Dorsal metatarsal arteries
Extensor hallucis longus tendon (cut)
Extensor hallucis brevis tendon (cut)
Dorsal digital branches of deep fibular nerve
Leg | Muscles of Leg: Lateral View
Long head of Biceps femoris muscle
Short head of Biceps femoris muscle
Tendon of Biceps femoris muscle
Fibular collateral ligament
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Head of fibula
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle and tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle and tendon
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
(Subtendinous) bursa of tendocalcaneus
Superior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Inferior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon passing to sole of foot
Vastus lateralis muscle
Iliotibial tract
Quadriceps femoris tendon
Superior lateral genicular artery
Patella
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Lateral condyle of tibia
Patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Extensor digitorum longus tendon
Extensor hallucis longus muscle and tendon
Superior extensor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Extensor digitorum longus tendons
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Fibularis (peroneus tertius tendon
5th metatarsal bone
Leg | Leg: Cross Sections and Fascial Compartments
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Anterior compartment
Extensor muscles
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
Anterior tibial artery and veins
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Anterior intermuscular septum
Lateral compartment
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Posterior intermuscular septum
Fibula
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Interosseous membrane
Tibia
Deep posterior compartment
Deep flexor muscles
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Popliteus
Posterior tibial artery and veins
Tibial nerve
Fibular (peroneal) artery and veins
Transverse intermuscular septum
Superficial posterior compartment
Superficial flexor muscles
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris (tendon)
Cross section just above middle of leg
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Anterior intermuscular septum
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Posterior intermuscular septum
Fibula
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Transverse intermuscular septum
Soleus muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (lateral head)
Sural communicating branch of lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Anterior tibial artery and veins and deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Tibia
Interosseous membrane
Great saphenous vein and saphenous nerve
Tibialis posterior muscle
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Posterior tibial artery and veins and tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Plantaris tendon
Gastrocnemius muscle (medial head)
Medial sural cutaneous nerve
Small saphenous vein
Ankle and Foot | Bones of Foot
Dorsal view
Body of Calcaneus
Fibular (peroneal) trochlea of Calcaneus
Tarsal sinus
Transverse tarsal joint
Cuboid
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Metatarsal bones
Proximal Phalanges
Middle Phalanges
Distal Phalanges
Talus
Posterior process of Talus
Lateral tubercle Posterior process of Talus
Medial tubercle of Posterior process of Talus
Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus of Posterior process of Talus
Trochlea of Talus
Neck of Talus
Head of Talus
Navicular
Tuberosity of Navicular
Lateral Cuneiform bones
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Medial Cuneiform bones
Tarsometatarsal joint
Base
Shaft (body)
Head
Base
Shaft (body)
Head
Base
Tuberosity
Plantar view
Talus
Lateral tubercle
Medial tubercle
Posterior process
Head
Calcaneus
Tuberosity
Medial process
Lateral process
Sustentaculum tali
Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus
Fibular (peroneal) trochlea
Cuboid
Tuberosity
Groove for fibularis of (peroneus) longus tendon
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Base
Shaft (body)
Head
Base
Shaft (body)
Head
Base
Head
Base
Tuberosity
Distal Phalanges
Middle Phalanges
Proximal Phalanges
Lateral Sesamoid bones
Medial Sesamoid bones
Metatarsal bones
Tarsometatarsal joint
Cuneiform bones
Medial Cuneiform bones
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Lateral Cuneiform bones
Navicular
Tuberosity
Transverse tarsal joint
Ankle and Foot | Bones of Food (continued)
Lateral view
Posterior process of Talus
Lateral process of Talus
Trochlea of Talus
Neck of Talus
Head of Talus
Transverse tarsal joint
Navicular
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Lateral Cuneiform bones
Tarsometatarsal joint
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Body of Calcaneus
Fibular (peroneal) trochlea of Calcaneus
Tuberosity of Calcaneus
Groove for fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon of Calcaneus
Groove for fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Tuberosity
Cuboid
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Medial view
Posterior process of Talus
Trochlea of Talus
Head of Talus
Neck of Talus
Tuberosity of Calcaneus
Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus of Calcaneus
Sustentaculum tali of Calcaneus
Transverse tarsal joint
Navicular
Tuberosity of Navicular
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Medial Cuneiform bones
Tarsometatarsal joint
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Sesamoid bone
Tuberosity of 1st metatarsal bone
Ankle and Foot | Calcaneus
Right foot
Body
Posterior talar articular surface
Middle talar articular surface
Anterior talar articular surface
Articular surface for cuboid bone
Fibular (peroneal) trochlea
Groove for fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Tuberosity
Lateral process of tuberosity
Superior view
Anterior talar articular surface
Articular surface for cuboid bone
Middle talar articular surface
Sustentaculum tali
Calcaneal sulcus
Posterior talar articular surface
Fibular (peroneal) trochlea
Body
Tuberosity
Medial view
Anterior talar articular surface
Middle talar articular surface
Posterior talar articular surface
Tuberosity
Medial process of tuberosity
Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus
Sustentaculum tali
Articular surface for cuboid bone
Posterior view
Middle talar articular
Posterior talar articular surface
Fibular (peroneal) trochlea
Tuberosity
Lateral process of tuberosity
Medial process of tuberosity
Groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus
Sustentaculum tali
Posterior view with ligaments
Tibia
Talus
Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle
Posterior talocalcaneal ligament
Fibula
Interosseous membrane
Posterior tibiofibular
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Fibular (peroneal) tendons in inferior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Functional relations of calcaneus
Tuber angle
Critical angle
Ankle and Foot | Ankle: Radiographs
Lateral view
C Calcaneus
CB Cuboid
F Fibula
HT Head of talus
LC Lateral cuneiform
N Navicular
PT Posterior process of talus
ST Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus
T Tibia
TC Tuberosity of calcaneus
TM Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
TT Trochlea of talus
Anterior view
F Fibula
LM Lateral malleolus
MM Medial malleolus
T Tibia
TA Talus
Ankle and Foot | Ligaments and Tendons of Ankle
Right foot: lateral view
Tibia
Fibula
Anterior tibiofibular ligaments
Posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Superior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (cut)
Inferior fibular (peroneal) retinaculum
Lateral talocalcaneal ligament
Long plantar ligament
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibular (peroneus) brevis tendon
Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
Cuboid bone
Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament
Dorsal metatarsal ligaments
Posterior talofibular ligament Components of lateral (collateral) ligament of ankle
Calcaneofibular ligament Components of lateral (collateral) ligament of ankle
Anterior talofibular ligament Components of lateral (collateral) ligament of ankle
Interosseus calcaneal ligament
Dorsal talonavicular ligament
Calcaneonavicular ligament of Bifurcate ligament
Calcaneocuboid ligament of Bifurcate ligament
Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament
Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments
Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments
Right foot: medial view
Tibia
Medial talocalcaneal ligament
Posterior process of talus
Posterior talocalcaneal ligament
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (cut)
Sustentaculum tali
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Tibialis posterior tendon
Tibialis anterior tendon
Tuberosity
1st metatarsal bone
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments
Dorsal intercuneiform ligament
Medial cuneiform bone
Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments
Navicular bone
Dorsal talonavicular ligament
Posterior tibiotalar part of Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle
Tibiocalcaneal part of Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle
Tibionavicular part of Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle
Anterior tibiotalar part of Medial (deltoid) ligament of ankle
Ankle and Foot | Ligaments and Tendons of Foot: Plantar View
Flexor digitorum longus tendon to 2nd toe (cut)
Flexor digitorum brevis tendon to 2nd toe (cut)
4th distal phalanx
4th middle phalanx
Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
5th proximal phalanx
4th lumbrical tendon (cut)
Abductor digiti minimi brevis tendons (cut)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis tendons (cut)
Plantar ligaments (plates)
Interosseous muscles (cut)
5th metatarsal bone
Plantar metatarsal ligaments
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Tuberosity of cuboid bone
Long plantar ligament
Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
Calcaneus
Medial process of Tuberosity of calcaneus
Lateral process of Tuberosity of calcaneus
Distal phalanx of great toe
Interphalangeal (IP) joint
Flexor hallucis longus tendon (cut)
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint
Sesamoid bones
Abductor hallucis and medial head of flexor hallucis brevis tendons (cut)
Abductor hallucis and lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis tendons (cut)
1st metatarsal bone
Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments
Medial cuneiform bone
Tibialis anterior tendon (cut)
Plantar cuneonavicular ligament
Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament
Tuberosity of navicular bone
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon (cut)
Sustentaculum tali
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Posterior process of talus (medial and lateral tubercles)
Capsules and ligaments of metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints: lateral view
Distal Phalanges
Middle Phalanges
Proximal Phalanges
Collateral ligaments
Joint capsule
Metatarsal bone
Plantar ligament (plate
Ankle and Foot | Tendon Sheaths of Ankle
Lateral view
Soleus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Common tendinous sheath of fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis
Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa
(Subtendinous) bursa of calcaneal tendon
Superior fibular (peroneal) retinacula
Inferior fibular (peroneal) retinacula
Calcaneus
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle
Abductor digiti minimi muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius tendon
Tendinous sheath of extensor hallucis longus
Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum longus and fibularis (peroneal) tertius
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Lateral malleolus and subcutaneous bursa
Tendinous sheath of tibialis anterior
Superior extensor retinaculum
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Medial view
Tibialis anterior tendon and sheath
Tibia
Sheath of tibialis posterior tendon
Superior extensor retinaculum
Medial malleolus and subcutaneous bursa
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Tibialis posterior tendon and sheath
Tendinous sheath of extensor hallucis longus
1st metatarsal bone
Tendinous sheath of flexor hallucis longus
Medial plantar nerve
Tendinous sheath of flexor digitorum longus
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Tendinous sheath of flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve
Tendinous sheath of flexor hallucis longus
Subcutaneous calcaneal bursa
(Subtendinous) bursa of calcaneal tendon
Flexor retinaculum
Calcaneus
Lateral plantar nerve
Abductor hallucis muscle (cut)
Plantar aponeurosis (cut)
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle (cut)
Ankle and Foot | Muscles of Dorsum of Foot: Superficial Dissection
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Extensor digitorum longus muscle and tendon
Superior extensor retinaculum
Fibula
Perforating branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Lateral malleolus and anterior lateral malleolar artery
Inferior extensor retinaculum
Lateral tarsal artery and lateral branch of deep peroneal nerve (to muscles of dorsum of foot)
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius tendon
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis muscles
Extensor digitorum longus tendons
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve (continuation of sural nerve) (cut)
Dorsal metatarsal arteries
Dorsal digital arteries
Dorsal branches of proper plantar digital arteries
Dorsal branches of proper plantar digital nerves
Tibialis anterior tendon
Anterior tibial artery and deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Tibia
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Tendinous sheath of extensor digitorum longus
Medial malleolus
Tendinous sheath of tibialis anterior
Tendinous sheath of extensor hallucis longus
Anterior medial malleolar artery
Dorsalis pedis artery and medial branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Medial tarsal artery
Arcuate artery
Deep plantar artery passing between heads of 1st dorsal interosseous muscle to join deep plantar arch
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Extensor expansions
Dorsal digital branches of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Dorsal digital branches of superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Ankle and Foot | Dorsum of Foot: Deep Dissection
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle and tendon
Fibula
Perforating branch of fibular (peroneal) artery
Anterior lateral malleolar artery
Lateral malleolus
Lateral branch of deep peroneal nerve (to muscles of dorsum and foot)
Lateral branch of lateral tarsal artery
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon (cut)
Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius tendon (cut)
Abductor digiti minimi muscle
Dorsal metatarsal arteries
Metatarsal bones
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve (continuation of sural nerve) (cut)
Anterior perforating branches from plantar metatarsal arteries
Dorsal digital arteries
Dorsal branches of proper plantar digital arteries and nerves
Soleus muscle
Tibialis anterior muscle and tendon
Tibia
Anterior tibial artery and deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Extensor hallucis longus muscle and tendon
Anterior medial malleolar artery
Medial malleolus
Dorsalis pedis artery
Medial branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Medial tarsal arteries
Tuberosity of navicular bone
Arcuate artery
Posterior perforating branches from deep plantar arch
Deep plantar artery to deep plantar arch
Abductor hallucis muscle
Extensor hallucis longus tendon
Extensor hallucis brevis tendon (cut)
Extensor digitorum brevis tendons (cut)
Extensor digitorum longus tendons
Extensor expansions
Dorsal digital branches of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Dorsal digital branches of superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Ankle and Foot | Sole of Foot: Superficial Dissection
Superficial transverse metatarsal ligaments
Lateral plantar fascia
Cutaneous branches of lateral plantar artery
Cutaneous branches of lateral plantar nerve
Lateral band of plantar aponeurosis (calcaneometatarsal ligament)
Tuberosity of calcaneus with overlying fat pad (partially cut away)
Proper plantar digital arteries
Proper plantar digital nerves
Superficial branch of medial plantar artery
Transverse fasciculi
Digital slips of plantar aponeurosis
Medial plantar fascia
Cutaneous branches of medial plantar artery and nerve
Plantar aponeurosis
Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery
Ankle and Foot | Muscles of Sole of Foot: First Layer
Proper plantar digital branches of lateral plantar nerve
Proper plantar digital branches of medial plantar nerve
Proper plantar digital arteries
Common plantar digital arteries from plantar metatarsal arteries
Lumbrical muscles
Superficial branch of medial plantar artery
Lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Medial head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Abductor hallucis muscle
Abductor hallucis tendon
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle
Plantar aponeurosis (cut)
Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery
Fibrous sheaths of flexor tendons
Flexor digitorum brevis tendons
Flexor digitorum longus tendons
Plantar metatarsal branch of lateral plantar artery
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Abductor digiti minimi muscle (deep to lateral plantar fascia)
Medial process of Tuberosity of calcaneus
Lateral process of Tuberosity of calcaneus
Ankle and Foot | Muscles of Foot: Second Layer
Proper plantar digital branches of lateral plantar nerve
Proper plantar digital branches of medial plantar nerve
Flexor digitorum longus tendons
Flexor digitorum brevis tendons
Fibrous sheaths (opened)
Sesamoid bones
Common plantar digital nerves and arteries
Lumbrical muscles
Lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Medial head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Abductor hallucis tendon and muscle (cut)
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Superficial and deep branches of medial plantar artery
Medial plantar artery and nerve
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve (dividing)
Flexor retinaculum
Abductor hallucis muscle (cut)
Medial calcaneal artery and nerve
Tuberosity of calcaneus
Lateral calcaneal nerve and artery (from sural nerve and fibular [peroneal] artery)
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle and plantar aponeurosis (cut)
Nerve to abductor digiti minimi muscle (from lateral plantar nerve)
Abductor digiti minimi muscle (cut)
Quadratus plantae muscle
Lateral plantar nerve and artery
Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Ankle and Foot | Muscles of Sole of Foot: Third Layer
Proper plantar digital branches of medial plantar nerve
Proper plantar digital branches of lateral plantar nerve
Flexor digitorum longus tendons
Flexor digitorum brevis tendons (cut)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Plantar metatarsal arteries
Plantar interosseous muscles
Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Deep plantar arterial arch and deep branches of lateral plantar nerve
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Peroneus brevis tendon
Peroneus longus tendon
Fibrous sheath
Quadratus plantae muscle (cut and slightly retracted)
Lateral plantar artery and nerve
Abductor digiti minimi muscle (cut)
Lateral calcaneal artery and nerve
Tuberosity of calcaneus
Medial calcaneal artery and nerve
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle and plantar aponeurosis (cut)
Abductor hallucis muscle (cut)
Flexor retinaculum
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
Medial plantar artery and nerve
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon (cut)
Deep branches of medial plantar artery and nerve
Abductor hallucis muscle (cut)
Flexor hallucis longus tendon (cut)
Superficial branches of medial plantar artery and nerve
Lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Medial head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Oblique head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Transverse head of flexor hallucis brevis muscle
Sesamoid bones
Tendons of lumbrical muscles (cut)
Anterior perforating arteries to dorsal metatarsal arteries
Proper plantar digital branch of superficial branch of medial plantar artery
Ankle and Foot | Interosseous Muscles and Deep Arteries of Foot
Dorsal view
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon (cut)
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis tendon (cut)
Cuboid bone
Lateral tarsal artery
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius tendon (cut)
Posterior perforating branches (from deep plantar arterial arch)
Dorsal metatarsal arteries
Extensor digitorum longus tendons (cut)
Extensor expansions
Anterior perforating branches (from plantar metatarsal arteries)
Dorsal digital arteries
Navicular bone
Dorsalis pedis artery
Medial tarsal artery
Lateral Cuneiform bones
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Medial Cuneiform bones
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments
Dorsal metatarsal ligaments
Arcuate artery
Deep plantar artery passes to contribute to deep plantar arch
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Metatarsal bones
Extensor hallucis longus tendon (cut)
Extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis tendons (cut)
Plantar view
Proper plantar digital arteries
Common plantar digital arteries
Lumbrical muscles (cut)
Deep transverse metatarsal ligament and plantar ligaments (plates)
Plantar Interosseous muscles
Dorsal Interosseous muscles
Abductor digiti minimi muscles (cut)
Plantar metatarsal arteries
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Deep plantar arch
Lateral plantar artery (cut)
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Fibularis (peroneus) longus tendon
Fibularis peroneus) brevis tendon
Tuberosity of cuboid bone
Long plantar ligament
Calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
Flexor hallucis longus tendon (cut)
Anterior perforating branches (to dorsal metatarsal arteries)
Sesamoid bones
Insertion of adductor hallucis and lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis muscles
Insertion of abductor hallucis and medial head of flexor hallucis brevis muscles (cut)
Medial origin of flexor hallucis brevis muscle (cut)
Deep plantar artery (from dorsalis pedis artery)
Posterior perforating branches (to dorsal metatarsal arteries)
Plantar metatarsal ligaments (between bases of metatarsal bones)
Medial cuneiform bone
Tibialis anterior tendon (cut)
Lateral origin of flexor hallucis brevis tendon (cut)
Tuberosity of navicular bone
Tibialis posterior tendon (cut)
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Ankle and Foot | Interosseous Muscles of Foot
Dorsal view
Cuboid
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Dorsal interosseous muscles (bipennate)
5th metatarsal bone
Proximal phalanx of Little (5th) toe
Middle phalanx of Little (5th) toe
Distal phalanx of Little (5th) toe
Navicular
Lateral Cuneiform bones
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Medial Cuneiform bones
1st metatarsal bone
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Distal phalanx of great toe
Plantar view
Distal phalanx of great toe
Proximal phalanx of great toe
Sesamoid bones
1st metatarsal bone
Lateral Cuneiform bones
Intermediate Cuneiform bones
Medial Cuneiform bones
Navicular
Distal phalanx of Little (5th) toe
Middle phalanx of Little (5th) toe
Proximal phalanx of little (5th) toe
Plantar interosseous muscles (unipennate)
5th metatarsal bone
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone
Cuboid
Neurovasculature | Femoral Nerve and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve L2
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve L3
Femoral nerve L2
Femoral nerve L3
Femoral nerve L4
Obturator nerve
Iliacus muscle
Psoas major muscle (lower part)
Articular branch
Sartorius muscle (cut and reflected)
Pectineus muscle
Rectus femoris muscle (cut and reflected) of Quadriceps femoris muscle
Vastus intermedius muscle of Quadriceps femoris muscle
Vastus medialis muscle of Quadriceps femoris muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle of Quadriceps femoris muscle
Articularis genus muscle
T12
L1 of Lumbar plexus
L2 of Lumbar plexus
L3 of Lumbar plexus
L4 of Lumbar plexus
Lumbosacral trunk
Anterior cutaneous branches of femoral nerve
Sartorius muscle (cut and reflected)
Saphenous nerve
Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve
Medial crural cutaneous nerves (branches of saphenous nerve)
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Cutaneous innervation
Neurovasculature | Obturator Nerve
Iliohypogastric nerve
Iliolinguinal nerve
Genitofemoral nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve L2
Obturator nerve L3
Obturator nerve L4
Posterior branch
Articular branch
Anterior branch
Posterior branch
Cutaneous branch
Articular branch to knee joint
Adductor hiatus
L1 of Lumbar plexus
L2 of Lumbar plexus
L3 of Lumbar plexus
L4 of Lumbar plexus
Lumbosacral trunk
Obturator externus muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Adductor longus muscle (cut)
Adductor magnus muscle (ischiocondylar, or “hamstrings,” part supplied by sciatic [tibial] nerve )
Gracilis muscle
Cutaneous innervation
Note: Only muscles innervated by obturator nerve shown
Neurovasculature | Sciatic Nerve and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1, S2, S3)
Inferior clunial nerves
Perineal branches
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
Long head (cut) of biceps femoris muscle
Adductor magnus muscle (also partially supplied by obturator nerve)
Semitendinosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
Tibial nerve
Articular branch
Plantaris muscle
Medial sural cutaneous nerve
Gastrocnemius muscle
Sural nerve
Soleus muscle
Tibial nerve
Medial calcaneal branches
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
Greater sciatic foramen
Sciatic nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)
Common fibular (peroneal) division of sciatic nerve
Short head of biceps femoris muscle
Long head (cut) of biceps femoris muscle
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Articular branch
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Sural communicating branch
Lateral calcaneal branches
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
Cutaneous innervation
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve via lateral sural cutaneous nerve from sciatic nerve
Medial sural cutaneous nerve from sciatic nerve
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve from sciatic nerve
Sural nerve from from sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve via medial calcaneal branches from sciatic nerve
Neurovasculature | Tibial Nerve
Tibial nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)
Medial sural cutaneous nerve (cut)
Articular branches
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (cut)
Nerve to popliteus muscle
Interosseous nerve of leg
Soleus muscle (cut and partly retracted)
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Tibialis posterior muscle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Sural nerve (cut)
Lateral calcaneal branch
Medial calcaneal branch
Flexor retinaculum (cut)
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve
Articular branch
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve (cut)
Medial calcaneal branches (S1, S2) From tibial nerve
Medial plantar nerve (L4, L5) From tibial nerve
Lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) From tibial nerve
Saphenous nerve (L3, L4)
Sural nerve (S1, S2) via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches
Cutaneous innervation of sole
Flexor retinaculum (cut)
Tibial nerve
Medial calcaneal branch
Medial plantar nerve
Flexor digitorum brevis muscle and nerve
Abductor hallucis muscle and nerve
Flexor hallucis brevis muscle and nerve
1st lumbrical muscle and nerve
Common plantar digital nerves
Proper plantar digital nerves
Lateral calcaneal branch of sural nerve
Lateral plantar nerve
Nerve to abductor digiti minimi muscle
Quadratus plantae muscle and nerve
Abductor digiti minimi muscle
Deep branch to interosseous muscles
2nd lumbrical muscle
3rd lumbrical muscle
4th lumbrical muscle
Adductor hallucis muscle
Superficial branch to 4th interosseous muscle
Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle
Common plantar digital nerves
Proper plantar digital nerves
Neurovasculature | Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve (phantom)
Biceps femoris tendon
Common fibular (peroneal) nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2)
Head of fibula
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle (cut)
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Branches of lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis muscle
Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve
Inferior extensor retinaculum (partially cut)
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve (branch of sural nerve)
Dorsal digital nerves
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve (phantom)
Articular branches
Recurrent articular nerve
Extensor digitorum longus muscle (cut)
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Tibialis anterior muscle
Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Extensor hallucis longus muscle
Lateral branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve to Extensor digitorum brevis muscles
Extensor digitorum brevis muscles
Medial branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Cutaneous innervation
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Sural nerve via lateral dorsal cutaneous branch
Neurovasculature | Dermatomes of Lower Limb
Anterior view
Schematic demarcation of dermatomes (according to Keegan and Garrett) shown as distinct segments. There is actually considerable overlap between any two adjacent dermatomes. An alternative dermatome map is that provided by Foerster (see References).
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
Autonomous sensory zones
L3
L4
L5
S1
Posterior view
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
S2
S3
S4
S5
Co
L1
L2
L3
L4
Autonomous sensory zones
L5
S1
Segmental innervation of lower limb movements
Hip
Flexion
Extension
Knee
Flexion
Extension
Ankle
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Foot
Inversion
Eversion
Neurovasculature | Superficial Nerves and Veins of Lower Limb: Anterior View
Lateral cutaneous branch of subcostal nerve
Inguinal ligament (Poupart’s)
Superficial circumflex iliac vein
Femoral branches of genitofemoral nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Saphenous opening (fossa ovalis)
Fascia lata
Anterior cutaneous branches of femoral nerve
Patellar nerve plexus
Branches of lateral sural cutaneous nerve (from common fibular [peroneal] nerve)
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Medial dorsal cutaneous branch of Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous branch of Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
Small saphenous vein and lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve (from sural nerve)
Lateral dorsal digital nerve and vein of 5th toe
Dorsal metatarsal veins
Dorsal digital nerves and veins
Superficial epigastric vein
Ilioinguinal nerve (scrotal branch) (usually passes through superficial inguinal ring)
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Femoral vein
Superficial external pudendal vein
Accessory saphenous vein
Great saphenous vein
Cutaneous branch of obturator nerve
Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve
Saphenous nerve (terminal branch of femoral nerve)
Great saphenous vein
Dorsal digital nerves
Dorsal venous arch
Dorsal digital nerve and vein of medial side of great toe
Dorsal digital branch of deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Neurovasculature | Superficial Nerves and Veins of Lower Limb: Posterior View
Lateral cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve
Iliac crest
Superior clunial nerves (from dorsal rami of L1, L2, L3)
Inferior clunial nerves (from posterior femoral cutaneous nerve)
Branches of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Terminal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve (from common fibular [peroneal] nerve)
Sural communicating nerve
Medial sural cutaneous nerve (from tibial nerve)
Sural communicating nerve
Medial sural cutaneous nerve (from tibial nerve)
Sural nerve
Lateral calcaneal branches of sural nerve
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve (continuation of sural nerve)
Plantar cutaneous branches of lateral plantar nerve
Medial clunial nerves (from dorsal rami of S1, S2, S3)
Perforating cutaneous nerve (from dorsal rami of S1, S2, S3)
Branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Accessory saphenous vein
Branch of femoral cutaneous nerve
Branch of cutaneous branch of femoral nerve
Great saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein
Branches of saphenous nerve
Medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve
Plantar cutaneous branches of medial plantar nerve
Neurovasculature | Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Lower Limb
Cribriform fascia within saphenous opening
Fascia lata
Deep fascia of leg (crural fascia)
Great saphenous vein
Superficial inguinal nodes
Horizontal group:
Superolateral nodes of Superficial inguinal nodes
Superomedial nodes of Superficial inguinal nodes
Vertical group:
Inferior nodes of Superficial inguinal nodes
Great saphenous vein
Superficial lymph vessels
Popliteal vein
Popliteal lymph nodes
Small saphenous vein
External iliac lymph nodes
Femoral nerve
Inguinal ligament (Poupart’s)
Ductus (vas) deferens
Femoral sheath
Femoral canal (opened)
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Femoral ring
Lacunar ligament (Gimbernat’s)
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Regional Scans | CT Angiograms of Arteries of the Lower Limb
Fibular artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
Internal iliac artery
External iliac artery
Profunda femoris artery
Femoral artery
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