Fundamental Philosophy Surgery Series | Head and Neck
Fundamental Philosophy Surgery Series
Topographic Anatomy | Head and Neck
Frontal bone
Definition:
Shape:
Location:
Function:
Supra-orbital notch
Superciliary arch
Glabella
Nasal bone
Anterior nares (nostrils)
Philtrum
Nasolabial sulci
Tubercle of the superior lip
Vermillion border
Mental protuberance
Thyroid cartilage
Jugular notch
Sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Clavicle
Trapezius muscle
Brachial plexus
Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle
External jugular vein
Submandibular gland
Angle of the mandible
Commissure of the lips
Lobule of the ear
Ala of the nose
Antitragus
Antihelix
Tragus
Helix
Infra-orbital margin
Bones and Ligaments | Skull: Anterior View
Frontal bone
Glabella
Supra-orbital notch
Orbital surface
Coronal suture
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Frontal process
Orbital surface
Temporal process
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic process
Orbital surface
Infra-orbital foramen
Frontal process
Alveolar process
Anterior nasal spine
Parietal bone
Nasion
Sphenoidal bone
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Temporal bone
Ethmoidal bone
Orbital plate
Perpendicular plate
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Ramus
Body
Mental foramen
Mental tubercle
Mental protuberance
Right orbit: frontal and slightly lateral view
Orbital surface of the frontal bone
Orbital surface of the lesser wing of the sphenoidal bone
Superior orbital fissure
Optic canal (foramen)
Orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoidal bone
Orbital surface of the zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Inferior orbital fissure
Infra-orbital groove
Supra-orbital notch
Posterior ethmoidal foramina
Anterior ethmoidal foramina
Orbital plate of ethmoidal bone
Lacrimal bone
Fossa for the lacrimal sac
Orbital process of the palatine bone
Orbital surface of the maxilla
Infra-orbital foramen
Skull: Anteroposterior Radiograph
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Crista galli
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary sinus
Nasal septum
Unerupted teeth
Coronal suture
Lesser wing of sphenoidal bone
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior nasal concha
Ramus of mandible
Skull: Lateral View
Sphenoidal bone
Greater wing
Frontal bone
Supra-orbital notch (foramen)
Glabella
Ethmoidal bone
Orbital plate
Lacrimal bone
Fossa for lacrimal sac
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Frontal process
Infra-orbital foramen
Anterior nasal spine
Alveolar process
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Temporal process
Zygomatic arch
Mandible
Head of condylar process
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Ramus
Oblique line
Body
Mental Foramen
Sutural (wormian) bone
External occipital protuberance (inion)
Asterion
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Squamous part
Zygomatic process
Articular tubercle
Groove for posterior deep temporal artery
Supramastoid crest
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Lambdoid suture
Parietal bone
Temporal fossa
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line
Infratemporal fossa exposed by removal of zygomatic arch and mandible
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Infratemporal surface of maxilla
Alveolar foramina
Tuberosity of maxilla
Sphenoidal bone
Greater wing
Infratemporal crest
Lateral plate of pterygoid process
Pterygoid hamulus (of medial plate of pterygoid process)
Temporal bone
External acoustic meatus
Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Styloid process
Foramen ovale
Pterygopalatine fossa
Sphenopalatine foramen
Skull: Lateral Radiograph
Frontal Sinus
Coronal Suture
Greater wing of sphenoidal bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Hypophyseal fossa (selia turcica)
Lambdoid suture
Maxillary sinus
Condyle of mandible
Mastoid air cells
Coronoid process of mandible
Palatine process of maxilla
Anterior arch of atlas (C1 vertebra)
Dens of axis (C2 vertebra)
Skull: Midsagittal Section
Sphenoidal bone
Greater wing
Lesser wing
Anterior clinoid process
Optic canal
Sella turcica
Sphenoidal sinus
Body
Medial and lateral plates of pterygoid process
Frontal bone
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate (bony nasal septum)
Nasal bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Anterior nasal spine
Nasal surface
Incisive canal
Palatine process
Alveolar process
Vomer (bony nasal septum)
Palatine bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Grooves for branches of middle meningeal vessels
Temporal bone
Squamous part
Petrous part
Internal acoustic meatus
Groove for superior petrosal sinus
Opening of vestibular aqueduct
Groove for sigmoid sinus
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Groove for transverse sinus
External occipital protuberance (inion)
Jugular foramen
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
Basilar part
View of lateral nasal wall with nasal septum removed:
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Ethmoidal bone
Cribriform plate
Superior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Lacrimal bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Nasal surface
Palatine process
Alveolar process
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Sphenopalatine foramen
Sphenoidal bone
Body
Medial Plates of pterygoid process
Lateral Plates of pterygoid process
Pterygoid hamulus
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Horizontal plate of Palatine bone
Calvaria
Superior view:
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Bregma
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture
Parietal foramen (for emissary vein)
Lambda
Lambdoid suture
Sutural (wormian) bone
Occipital bone
Inferior view:
Frontal bone
Frontal crest
Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Granular foveolae (for arachnoid granulations)
Diploe
Grooves for branches of middle meningeal vessels
Groove for superior sagittal sinus
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Cranial Base: Inferior View
Maxilla
Incisive fossa
Palatine process
Intermaxillary suture
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal bone
Pterygoid process
Hamulus
Medial plate
Pterygoid fossa
Lateral plate
Scaphoid fossa
Greater wing
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spine
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process
Articular tubercle
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
Petrotympanic fissure
Carotid canal (external opening)
Tympanic canaliculus
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid canaliculus
Mastoid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Petrous part
Mastoid notch (for digastric muscle)
Occipital groove (for occipital artery)
Jugular fossa (jugular foramen in its depth)
Mastoid foramen
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital condyle
Condylar canal and fossa
Basilar part
Pharyngeal tubercle
Foramen magnum
Inferior nuchal line
External occipital crest
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Palatomaxillary suture
Palatine bone
Horizontal plate
Greater palatine foramen
Pyramidal process
Lesser palatine foramina
Posterior nasal spine
Choanae
Vomer
Ala
Groove for pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Foramen lacerum
Cranial Base: Superior View
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Frontal bone
Groove for superior sagittal sinus of the Frontal bone
Frontal crest of the Frontal bone
Groove for anterior meningeal vessels of the Frontal bone
Foramen cecum of the Frontal bone
Superior surface of orbital part of the Frontal bone
Ethmoidal bone of the Frontal bone
Crista galli of the Frontal bone
Cribriform plate of the Frontal bone
Sphenoidal bone
Lesser wing of the Sphenoidal bone
Anterior clinoid process of the Lesser wing of the Sphenoidal bone
Greater wing of the Sphenoidal bone
Groove for middle meningeal vessels (frontal branches) of the Greater wing of the Sphenoidal bone
Body of Sphenoidal bone
Jugum of the Body of the Sphenoidal bone
Prechiasmatic groove of the Body of the Sphenoidal bone
Tuberculum sellae of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone
Hypophyseal fossa of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone
Dorsum sellae of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone
Posterior clinoid process of the Sella turcica of the Sphenoidal bone
Carotid groove (for internal carotid artery) of the Sphenoidal bone
Clivus of Sphenoidal bone
Temporal bone
Squamous part of the Temporal bone
Petrous part of the Temporal bone
Groove for lesser petrosal nerve of the Temporal bone
Groove for greater petrosal nerve of the Temporal bone
Arcuate eminence of the Temporal bone
Trigeminal impression of the Temporal bone
Groove for superior petrosal sinus of the Temporal bone
Groove for sigmoid sinus of the Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Groove for middle meningeal vessels (parietal branches) of the Parietal bone
Mastoid angle of the Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Clivus of the Occipital bone
Groove for inferior petrosal sinus of the Occipital bone
Basilar part of the Occipital bone
Groove for posterior meningeal vessels of the Occipital bone
Condyle of the Occipital bone
Groove for transverse sinus of the Occipital bone
Groove for occipital sinus of the Occipital bone
Internal occipital crest of the Occipital bone
Internal occipital protuberance of the Occipital bone
Groove for superior sagittal sinus of the Occipital bone
Foramina and Canals of Cranial Base: Inferior View
Nasopalatine nerve of Incisive fossa
Sphenopalatine vessels of Incisive fossa
Greater palatine nerve and vessels of Greater palatine foramen
Lesser palatine nerve and vessels of Lesser palatine foramen
Greater petrosal nerve of Foramen lacerum
Lesser petrosal nerve of Foramen ovale
Mandibular nerve (V3) of Foramen ovale
Accessory meningeal artery of Foramen ovale
Middle meningeal vessels of Foramen spinosum
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve (V3) of Foramen spinosum
Internal carotid artery of Carotid canal
Carotid autonomic plexus of Carotid canal
Chorda tympani of facial (intermediate) nerve (VIII) of Petrotympanic fissure
Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) of Tympanic canaliculus
Auricular branch of vagus nerve (X) of Mastoid canaliculus
Facial nerve (VII) of Stylomastoid foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) of Jugular fossa
Vagus nerve (X) of Jugular fossa
Superior bulb of Jugular fossa
Internal jugular vein of Jugular fossa
Mastoid emissary vein of Mastoid foramen
Posterior meningeal artery of Mastoid foramen
Hypoglossal nerve (XII) of Hypoglossal canal
Medulla oblongata of Foramen magnum
Vertebral arteries and venous plexus of Foramen magnum
Spinal roots of accessory nerves (XI) of Foramen magnum
Foramina and Canals of Cranial Base: Superior View
Foramen cecum of Emissary vein to superior sagittal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve of Nasal slit
Anterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve of Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Olfactory nerves of Foramina of cribriform plate
Posterior ethmoidal artery, vein, and nerve of Posterior ethmoidal foramen
Optic nerve (II) of Optic canal
Ophthalmic artery of Optic canal
Oculomotor nerve (III) of Superior orbital fissure
Trochlear nerve (IV) of Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V1) of Superior orbital fissure
Abducent nerve (VI) of Superior orbital fissure
Superior ophthalmic vein of Superior orbital fissure
Maxillary nerve (V2) of Foramen rotundum
Mandibular nerve (V3) of Foramen ovale
Accessory meningeal artery of Foramen ovale
Lesser petrosal nerve of Foramen ovale
Middle meningeal artery and vein of Foramen spinosum
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve of Foramen spinosum
Sphenoidal emissary foramen (of Versalius) (inconstant)
Greater petrosal nerve of Foramen lacerum
Internal carotid artery of Carotid canal
Internal carotid nerve plexus of Carotid canal
Hiatus for Lesser petrosal nerve
Hiatus for Greater petrosal nerve
Facial nerve (VII) of Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) of Internal acoustic meatus
Labyrinthine artery of Internal acoustic meatus
Opening of vestibular aqueduct of Endolymphatic duct
Mastoid foramen (inconstant) of Emissary vein (and occasional branch of occipital artery)
Inferior petrosal sinus of Jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) of Jugular foramen
Vagus nerve (X) of Jugular foramen
Accessory nerve (XI) of Jugular foramen
Sigmoid sinus of Jugular foramen
Posterior meningeal artery of Jugular foramen
Emissary vein and meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery of Condylar canal (inconstant)
Hypoglossal canal of Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Medulla oblongata of Foramen magnum
Meninges of Foramen magnum
Vertebral arteries of Foramen magnum
Meningeal branches of vertebral arteries of Foramen magnum
Spinal roots of accessory nerves of Foramen magnum
Skull of Newborn
Lateral view: Side view
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Frontal bone
Squamous part of Frontal bone
Supra-orbital notch (foramen) of Frontal bone
Ethmoidal bone
Anterior ethmoidal foramen of Ethmoidal bone
Orbital plate of Ethmoidal bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Infra-orbital foramen of Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofacial foramen of Zygomatic bone
Palatine bone
Pyramidal process of Palatine bone
Sphenoidal bone
Greater wing of Sphenoidal bone
Lateral plate of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone
Hamulus of medial plate of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone
Temporal bone
Squamous part of Temporal bone
Petrosquamous fissure of Temporal bone
Petrous part (mastoid process absent) of Temporal bone
Tympanic part (bony external acoustic meatus absent) of Temporal bone
Oval (vestibular) window of Temporal bone
Round (cochlear) window of Temporal bone
Styloid process of Temporal bone
Mandibular fossa of Temporal bone
Zygomatic process of Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Mastoid fontanelle of Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Tuber (eminence) of Parietal bone
Squamous suture of of Parietal bone
Posterior fontanelle of Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture of Parietal bone
Anterior fontanelle of Parietal bone
Coronal suture of Parietal bone
Superior view: Upper view
Frontal (metopic) suture of Frontal bone
Anterior fontanelle of Frontal bone
Coronal suture of Frontal bone
Sagittal suture of Parietal bone
Posterior fontanelle of Parietal bone
Lambdoid suture of Occipital bone
Frontal Bone
Parietal Bone
Occipital Bone
Bony Framework of Head and Neck
Temporal bone
Sphenoidal bone
Temporal fossa
Zygomatic arch
Condylar process of mandible
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process of mandible
Lateral pterygoid plate (broken line)
Hamulus of medial pterygoid plate (broken line)
Pterygomandibular raphe (broken line)
Ramus of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Stylohyoid ligament
Body of Hyoid bone
Lesser Horn of Hyoid bone
Greater Horn of Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Atlas (C1)
Styloid process
Axis (C2)
Stylomandibular ligament
C3 vertebra
C7 vertebra
T1 vertebra
1st rib
Pterygoid Fossae: Posterior and Inferolateral Views
Posterior View: Rear view
External occipital protuberance (inion)
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Inferior orbital fissure
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Pterygoid fossa
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Inferior concha
Tuberosity of maxilla
Palatine process of maxilla
Incisive fossa
Superior nuchal line
Nasal septum
Choana (posterior nasal aperture)
Mastoid foramen
Occipitomastoid suture
Occipital condyle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
Pyramidal process of palatine bone
Pterygoid hamulus
Alveolar process of maxilla
Inferolateral view: the lowerside view
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spine of sphenoidal bone
Sphenopalatine foramen
Pterygopalatine fossa
Choanae (posterior nares)
Lateral plate of pterygoid process
Medial plate of pterygoid process
Hamulus of pterygoid process
Pyramidal process of palatine bone
Tuberosity of maxilla
Infratemporal fossa
Alveolar process of maxilla
Mandible
Head
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Mylohyoid groove
Retromolar fossa
Oblique line
Submandibular fossa
Mylohyoid line
Sublingual fossa
Interalveolar septa
Alveolar part (crest)
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Mental tubercle
Base of mandible
Body of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Ramus of Mandible
Mandibular foramen
Lingula
Mandibular notch
Neck
Pterygoid fovea
Inferolareral anterior view: lower rear view
Coronoid process
Head
Neck
Mandibular notch
Pterygoid fovea
Mylohyoid line
Condylar process
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid groove
Ramus of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Submandibular fossa
Sublingual fossa
Digastric fossa
Superior and inferior mental spines (genial tubercles)
Mandible of aged person (edentulous): having no teeth
Temporomandibular Joint
Lateral view: Side view
Joint capsule
Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Styloid process
Stylomandibular ligament
Mandibular nerve and otic ganglion
Medial view: Middle view
Joint capsule
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery and mylohyoid nerve
Jaws closed
Mandibular fossa
Articular disc
Articular tubercle
Joint capsule
Jaws slightly opened (hinge action predominates)
Jaws widely opened (hinge and gliding actions combined)
Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis
Atlas (C1): superior view
Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Superior articular surface of lateral mass of occipital condyle
Groove for vertebral artery
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Vertebral foramen
Lateral mass
Articular facet for dens
Tubercle for transverse ligament of atlas
Atlas (C1): inferior view
Posterior tubercle
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Inferior articular surface of lateral mass for axis
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle articular facet for dens
Vertebral foramen
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
Axis (C2)
Dens
Superior articular facet for atlas
Inferior articular facet for C3
Body
Transverse process
Interarticular part
Pedicle
Anterior articular facet (for anterior arch of atlas)
Axis (C2): posterosuperior view
Dens
Superior articular facet for atlas
Interarticular part
Inferior articular process
Spinous process
Transverse process
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Upper cervical vertebrae, assembled: posterosuperior view
Dens
Superior articular surface for occipital condyle
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
C3
C4
Skull of Newborn
Lateral view
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Frontal bone
Squamous part
Supra-orbital notch (foramen)
Ethmoidal bone
Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Orbital plate
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
MaxillaInfra-orbital foramen
Zygomatic boneZygomaticofacial foramen
Palatine bonePyramidal process
Sphenoidal boneGreater wing
Lateral plate of pterygoid process
Hamulus of medial plate of pterygoid process
Temporal boneSquamous part
Petrosquamous fissure
Petrous part (mastoid process absent)
Tympanic part (bony external acoustic meatus absent)
Oval (vestibular) window
Round (cochlear) window
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Zygomatic process
Occipital boneMastoid fontanelle
Parietal boneTuber (eminence)
Squamous suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Anterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Superior view
Frontal (metopic) suture
Anterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Bony Framework of Head and Neck
Temporal bone
Sphenoidal bone
Temporal fossa
Zygomatic arch
Condylar process of mandible
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process of mandible
Lateral pterygoid plate (broken line)
Hamulus of medial pterygoid plate (broken line)
Pterygomandibular raphe (broken line)
Ramus of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Stylohyoid ligament
Body of Hyoid bone
Lesser Horn of Hyoid bone
Greater Horn of Hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Mastoid process
External acoustic meatus
Atlas (C1)
Styloid process
Atlas (C2)
Stylomandibular ligament
C3 vertebra
C7 vertebra
T1 vertebra
1st rib
Pterygoid Fossae: Posterior and Inferolateral Views
Posterior View
External occipital protuberance (inion)
External occipital crest
Inferior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Inferior orbital fissure
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Pterygoid fossa
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Inferior concha
Tuberosity of maxilla
Palatine process of maxilla
Incisive fossa
Superior nuchal line Nasal septum
Choana (posterior nasal aperture)
Mastoid foramen
Occipitomastoid suture
Occipital condyle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid plate
Pyramidal process of palatine bone
Pterygoid hamulus
Alveolar process of maxilla
Inferolateral view
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spine of sphenoidal bone
Sphenopalatine foramen
Pterygopalatine fossa
Choanae (posterior nares)
Lateral plate of pterygoid process
Medial plate of pterygoid process
Hamulus of pterygoid process
Pyramidal process of palatine bone
Tuberosity of maxilla
Infratemporal fossa
Alveolar process of maxilla
Mandible
Head
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Mylohyoid groove
Retromolar fossa
Oblique line
Submandibular fossa
Mylohyoid line
Sublingual fossa
Interalveolar septa
Alveolar part (crest)
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Mental tubercle
Base of mandible
Body of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Ramus of Mandible
Mandibular foramen
Lingula
Mandibular notch
neck
Pterygoid fovea
Coronoid process
Head
Neck
Mandibular notch
Pterygoid fovea
Mylohyoid line
Condylar process
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid groove
Ramus of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Body of Mandible
Submandibular fossa
Sublingual fossa
Digastric fossa
Superior and inferior mental spines (genial tubercles)
Mandible of aged person (edentulous)
Temporomandibular Joint
Lateral view
Joint capsule
Lateral (temporomandibular) ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Sphenomandibular (phantom)
Styloid process
Stylomandibular ligament
Mandibular nerve and otic ganglion
Medial view
Joint capsule
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculo temporal nerve
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament
Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery and mylohyoid nerve
Jaws closed
Mandibular fossa
Articular disc
Articular tubercle
Joint capsule
Jaws slightly opened(hinge action predominates)
Jaws widely opened(hinge and gliding actions combined)
Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas and Axis
Atlas (C1): superior view
Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Superior articular surface of lateral mass of occipital condyle
Groove for vertebral artery
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Vertebral foramen
Lateral mass
Articular facet for dens
Tubercle for transverse ligament of atlas.
Atlas (C1): inferior view
Posterior tubercle
Transverse process
Transverse foramen
Inferior articular surface of lateral mass for axis
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle Articular facet for dens
Vertebral foramen
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
Axis (C2): anterior view
Dens
Superior articular facet for atlas
Inferior articular facet for C3
Body
Transverse process
Interarticular part
Pedicle
Anterior articular facet (for anterior arch of atlas)
Axis (C2): posterosuperior view
Dens
Superior articular facet for atlas
Interarticular part
Inferior articular process
Spinous process Transverse process
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Upper cervical vertebrae, assembled: posterosuperior view
Dens
Superior articular surface for occipital condyle
Posterior articular facet (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
C3
C4
Cervical Vertebrae (continued)
Inferior aspect of C3 and superior aspect of C4 showing the sites of the facet and uncovertebral articulations
C3 Inferior aspectInferior articular process and facet
Foramen transversarium
Costal lamella
Area of articulation of left uncinate process of C4
Bifid spinous process
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Pedicle
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Anterior tubercle of Transverse process
Vertebral body
C4 Superior aspectLeft uncinate process
Superior articular process and facet
Articular surface of right uncinate process
Groove for spinal nerve (C4)
Inferior articular process
4th cervical vertebra: anterior view
Superior articular process
Lamina
Inferior articular facet
Foramen transversarium
Body
Spinous process
Uncinate process
Articular surface
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Anterior tubercle of Transverse process
7th cervical vertebra: anterior view
Superior articular process
Septated foramen transversarium
Uncinate process
Articular surface
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Anterior tubercle (inconspicuous) of Transverse process
Body
Inferior articular facet for T1
Bony spicule dividing foramen transversarium
Costal lamella
7th cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens): superior view
Body Uncinate process
Costal lamella
Foramen transversarium*
Inconspicuous anterior tubercle (transverse process)
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous process
Vertebral foramen
Inferior articular process
Superior articular process and facet
Transverse process (posterior tubercle)
Groove for C7 spinal nerve
Foramen transversarium (septated)
Articular surface of uncinate process
Cervical Vertebrae: Uncovertebral Joints
Cervical vertebrae: anterior view
Anterior tubercle of atlas
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Dens of axis
Anterior arch of atlas
Foramen transversarium
Intervertebral foramen (for C3 spinal nerve)
Intervertebral disc
Vertebral body
Inferior articular process (C3)
Superior articular process (C4)
Groove for spinal nerve
Site of uncovertebral joint (cleft of Luschka)
Anterior tubercle of Transverse process
Posterior tubercle of Transverse process
Carotid tubercle of Chassaignac
Uncinate processes
First rib
The uncovertebral joints of the cervical spine: anterior view (C3 to C7 have been sectioned coronally to expose the joints)
Articular cartilage on dens median atlanto-axial joint complex
Lateral atlanto-axial joint
Facet (zygapophyseal) joint between C2 and C3
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Foramen transversarium
Uncinate processes
Annulus fibrosus
Uncovertebral joints (clefts of Luschka)
Nucleus pulposus
Transverse process
Intervertebral foramen (for C7 spinal nerve)
Vertebral boy (C7)
External Craniocervical Ligaments
Anterior view
Basilar part of occipital bone
Pharyngeal tubercle
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Lateral atlanto-axial joint (exposed)
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Atlas (C1)
Capsule of lateral atlanto-axial joint
Axis (C2)
Capsule of zygapophyseal joint (C3-4)
Posterior view
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Occipital bone
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Transverse process of atlas (C1)
Capsule of lateral atlanto-axial joint
Axis (C2)
Ligamenta flava
Suboccipital nerve
Vertebral artery
Right lateral view
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Ligamenta flava
Ligamentum nuchae
Spinous process of C7 vertebra (vertebra prominens)
Supraspinous ligament
Atlas (C1)
Body of axis (C2)
Intervertebral discs (C2-3 and C3-4)
Zygapophysial joints (C4-5 and C5-6)
Anterior tubercle of C6 vertebra (carotid tubercle of Chassaignac
Vertebral artery T1 vertebra
Internal Craniocervical Ligaments
Upper part of vertebral canal with spinous processes and parts of vertebral arches removed to expose ligaments on posterior vertebral bodies: posterior view
Clivus
Tectorial membrane
Deeper (accessory) part of tectorial membrane (atlanto-axial ligament)
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
Atlas (C1)
Capsule of lateral atlanto-axial joint
Axis (C2)
Capsule of zygapophyseal joint (C2-3)
Principal part of tectorial membrane removed to expose deeper ligaments: posterior view
Alar ligaments
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Superior longitudinal band of Cruciate ligament
Transverse ligament of atlas of Cruciate ligament
Inferior longitudinal band of Cruciate ligament
Deeper (accessory) part of tectorial membrane (atlanto-axial ligament)
Cruciate ligament removed to show deeper ligaments: posterior view
Apical ligament of dens
Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament
Alar ligament
Posterior articular facet of dens (for transverse ligament of atlas)
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Median atlanto-axial joint: superior view
Alar ligament
Anterior tubercle of atlas
Synovial cavities
Dens
Transverse ligament of atlas
Superficial Arteries and Veins of Face and Scalp
Skin and subcutaneous tissue of Scalp
Epicranial aponeurosis of Scalp
Middle temporal artery and vein
Zygomatico-orbital artery
Transverse facial artery and vein
Supra-orbital artery and vein
Supratrochlear artery and vein
Nasofrontal vein
Dorsal nasal artery vein
Zygomaticotemporal artery and vein
Angular artery and vein
Zygomaticotemporal facial artery and vein
Infra-orbital artery and vein
Deep facial vein (from pterygoid plexus)
Facial artery and vein
Lingual artery and vein
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common facial vein
Retromandibular vein
External jugular vein (cut)
Posterior auricular artery and vein
Occipital artery and vein (cut)
Mastoid emissary vein and meningeal branch of occipital artery (posterior meningeal artery)
Anterior auricular arteries
Frontal Branches of superficial temporal artery and vein
Parietal Branches of superficial temporal artery and vein
Parietal emissary vein
Sources of arterial supply of face
Internal carotid artery (via ophthalmic artery)
External carotid artery
Cutaneous Nerves of Head and Neck
From ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1)
Supra-orbital nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Palpebral branch of lacrimal nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve
From maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (V2)
Infra-orbital nerve
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
From mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)
Mental nerve
Buccal nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Auricular branch of vagus nerve (X)
Medial branches of dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
Greater occipital nerve (C2)
3rd occipital nerve (C3)
From 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th nerves in succession below
Branches from cervical plexus
Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
Great auricular nerve (C2, 3)
Transverse cervical nerve (C2, 3)
Supraclavicular nerves (C3, 4)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
Note: Auricular branch of vagus nerve to external acoustic meatus and small area on posteromedial surface of auricle and concha via facial nerve: An auditory branch of cranial nerves that follow along the natural passages formed behind the rear of the ear's concave medial tissue - TRANSLATION: The hearing branch of an autonomic cerebrospinal auditory nerve which is connected to the outer sound passages AND the rear middle surface of the ear, as well as its internal concave surface via a facial nerve.
Branches from cervical plexus
Facial Nerve Branches and Parotid Gland
Parotid gland
Posterior auricular nerve
Facial nerve emerging from stylomastoid foramen
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle and to stylohyoid muscle
Temporal branches
Zygomatic branches
Parotid duct (of Stensen)
Buccal branches
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Horizontal section of Parotid Gland
Trunk of facial nerve
Mastoid process
Medial pterygoid muscle
Ramus of mandible
Masseter muscle
Parotid gland
Temporofacial division
Posterior auricular nerve
Trunk of facial nerve
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle and to stylohyoid muscle
Cervicofacial division
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches
Marginal mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Muscles of Facial Expression: Lateral View
Skin and subcutaneous tissue of scalp
Epicranial aponeurosis of Scalp
Temporal fascia
Orbital part of Orbicularis oculi muscle
Palpebral part of Orbicularis oculi muscle
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
Corrugator supercilii muscle (frontalis and orbicularis oculi, partially cut away)
Procerus muscle
Levator labii superioris muscle
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (partially cut away)
Transverse part of Nasalis muscle
Alar part of Nasalis muscle
Depressor septi nasi muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Zygomaticus minor muscle
Zygomaticus major muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Mentalis muscle
Modiolus (circled region)
Depressor anguli oris muscle
Buccinator muscle
Risorius muscle
Platysma muscle
Sternum
Clavicle
Auricularis anterior muscle
Auricularis superior muscle
Auricularis posterior muscle
Occipital belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
Parotid fascia
Masseteric fascia
Investing layer of (deep) cervical fascia
Fascial Layers of Neck
Cross section
Superficial (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia
Infrahyoid fascia
Pretracheal (visceral) fascia (thyroid capsule)
Buccopharyngeal (visceral) fascia
Carotid sheath
Subcutaneous tissue
Superficial (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia roofing posterior cervical triangle
Fat in posterior cervical triangle
Prevertebral layer of (deep) cervical fascia
Alar fascia
Retropharyngeal space
Cervical vertebra (C7)
Deep cervical muscles
Trapezius muscle
Levator scapulae muscle
Longus colli muscle
Middle and posterior scalene muscle
Spinal nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Anterior scalene muscle
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve (X)
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Esophagus
Thyroid gland
Sternothyroid muscle
Trachea
Sternohyoid muscle
Platysma muscle
Skin
Sagittal section
Oropharynx
Buccopharyngeal (visceral) fascia
Retropharyngeal space
Alar fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Trachea
Esophagus
Skin
Mandible
Geniohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid fascia
Investing layer of (deep) cervical fascia
Fascia of infrahyoid muscles
Pretracheal (visceral) fascia
Thyroid gland
Subcutaneous tissue
Suprasternal space (of Burns)
Manubrium of sternum
Aorta Pericardium
Muscles of Neck: Anterior View
Masseter muscle
Parotid gland
Platysma muscle (cut away)
Mastoid process
Hyoid bone
Carotid sheath
Fascia of infrahyoid muscles (pretracheal layer) and cut edge
Thyroid cartilage
Investing layer of (deep) cervical fascia and cut edge
Cricoid cartilage
Pretracheal layer of (deep) cervical fascia over thyroid gland and trachea
Suprasternal space (of Burns)
Manubrium of sternum
Jugular notch
Sternal head of Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Clavicular head of Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Pectoralis major muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Clavicle
Deltoid muscle
Trapezius muscle
Scalene
muscles
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle
Internal jugular vein
External carotid artery
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Submandibular gland
Mylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Infrahyoid and Suprahyoid Muscles
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Thyrohyoid muscle
Thyroid cartilage
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Sternohyoid muscle
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Scalene muscle
Trapezius muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Trachea
Clavicle
Sternohyoid muscle (cut)
Thyroid gland
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)(cut)
Sternothyroid muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles (cut)
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Muscles of Neck: Lateral View
Parotid gland (cut)
Ramus mandible
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Longus capitis muscle
Splenius capitis muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Levator scapulae muscle
Posterior of Scalene muscles
Middle Scalene muscles
Anterior Scalene muscles
Brachial plexus
Trapezius muscle
Acromion
Deltoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Clavicle
Pectoralis major muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle of Clavicular head
Sternocleidomastoid muscle of Sternal head
Manubrium of sternum
Sternothyroid muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Thyrohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Body of mandible
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Submandibular gland
Masseter muscle
Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles
Basilar part of occipital bone
Jugular process of occipital bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Longus capitis muscle
Posterior tubercle of transverse process of axis (C2)
Longus colli muscle
Anterior of Scalene muscles
Middle of Scalene muscles
Posterior of Scalene muscles
Phrenic nerve
Brachial plexus (trunks)
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Internal jugular vein
Right common carotid artery
Posterior tubercle of transverse
process of C7 vertebra
1st rib
Anterior scalene muscle (cut)
Middle of Scalene muscles
Posterior of Scalene muscles
Slips of origin of posterior scalene muscle
Slips of origin of anterior scalene muscle (cut)
Anterior Tubercles of transverse process of C3 vertebra
Posterior Tubercles of transverse process of C3 vertebra
Transverse process of atlas (C1)
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Rectus capitis anterior muscle
Occipital condyle
Longus capitis muscle (cut)
Superficial Veins and Cutaneous Nerves of Neck
Submental vein
Facial artery and vein
Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
Hyoid bone
Retromandibular vein
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Communicating vein
Great auricular nerve
Thyroid cartilage
Transverse cervical nerves
Thyroid gland
Trapezius muscle
Platysma muscle (cut)
Supraclavicular nerves
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Inferior thyroid vein
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Clavicle
Pectoralis major muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
Brachial plexus
Phrenic nerve
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)(cut)
Middle thyroid vein
Ansa cervicalis
Sternothyroid muscle
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Superior thyroid artery and vein
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Thyrohyoid muscle
External carotid artery
Omohyoid muscle (cut)
Parotid gland
Mylohyoid muscle
Submandibular gland
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Platysma muscle (cut)
Nerves and Vessels of Neck
Anterior branch retromandibular vein
Retromandibular vein
Posterior branch retromandibular vein
Posterior auricular vein
Lesser occipital nerve
Great auricular nerve
External jugular vein
Accessory nerve (XI)
Supraclavicular nerves
Facial vein
Common facial vein
Transverse cervical nerves
Great auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut, reflected superiorly)
C2 spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Accessory nerve (XI)
C3 spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Levator scapulae muscle
Middle scalene muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
C5 spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Transverse cervical artery
Phrenic nerve
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)(cut)
Brachial plexus
Dorsal scapular artery
Suprascapular artery
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
Vagus nerve (X)
Vertebral artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery and vein
Nerves and Vessels of Neck (continued)
Cervical plexus: schema
(S = gray ramus superior cervical sympathetic ganglion)
To geniohyoid muscle
To thyrohyoid muscle
Communication to vagus nerve
Transverse cervical nerves
To omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
To sternothyroid muscle
To sternohyoid muscle
To omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Supraclavicular nerves
Phrenic nerve
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Great auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
To rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis, and rectus capitis anterior muscles
To longus capitis and longus colli muscles
To scalene and levator scapulae muscles
Right anterior dissection
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Ascending cervical artery
Phrenic nerve
Anterior scalene muscle
Inferior thyroid artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Dorsal scapular artery
Costocervical trunk
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery and vein
Thyroid gland (retracted)
Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
Vagus nerve (X)
Vertebral artery
Common carotid artery
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Brachiocephalic trunk
Internal jugular vein (cut)
Carotid Arteries
Parotid space (bed): right lateral dissection
Styloid process
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle (posterior belly) (cut)
Occipital artery and sternocleidomastoid branch
Accessory nerve (XI)
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
Vagus nerve (X)
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and carotid body
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Branch to thyrohyoid muscle
Hyoid to bone
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Hyoglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Stylohyoid muscle
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Posterior auricular artery
External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Transverse facial artery
Superficial temporal artery
Right external carotid artery branches: schema
Superficial temporal artery
Digastric muscle (phantom)
Occipital artery
Descending branch
Sternocleidomastoid branch
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Common carotid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Vertebral artery
Omohyoid muscle (phantom)
Superior thyroid artery and superior laryngeal branch
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Transverse facial artery
Nose
Anterolateral view
Frontal bone
Nasal bones
Frontal process of maxilla
Lateral process of septal nasal cartilages
Septal cartilage
Minor alar cartilage
Accessory nasal cartilage
Lateral crus of Major alar cartilage
Medial crus of Major alar cartilage
Nasal septal cartilage
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
Alar fibrofatty tissue
Infra-orbital foramen
Inferior view
Lateral crus of Major alar cartilage
Medial crus of Major alar cartilage
Alar fibrofatty tissue
Nasal septal cartilage Intermaxillary suture
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla
Superficial temporal artery
Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle
Supra-orbital artery and nerve
Supratrochlear artery and nerve
Procerus muscle
Corrugator supercilii muscle
Dorsal nasal artery
Infratrochlear nerve
Angular artery
External nasal artery and nerve
Nasalis muscle (transverse part)
Infra-orbital artery and nerve
Lateral nasal artery
Transverse facial artery
Nasalis muscle (alar part)
Depressor septi nasi muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Facial artery
Superior and inferior labial arteries
Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity
Frontal sinus
Superior nasal concha
Superior nasal meatus
Middle nasal concha
Agger nasi
Atrium of middle nasal meatus
Middle nasal meatus
Inferior nasal concha (turbinate)
Vomeronasal organ
Limen nasi
Nasal vestibule
Inferior nasal meatus
Palatine process of maxilla
Incisive canal
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Hypophysis (pituitary gland) in sella turcica
Sphenoidal sinus
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged)
Basilar part of occipital bone
Pharyngeal raphe
Choana
Torus tubarius
Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngeal recess
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Soft palate
Speculum view
Middle nasal concha
Middle nasal meatus
Bulging septum
Airway to nasopharynx
Inferior nasal concha
Inferior nasal meatus
Floor of nasal cavity
Frontal sinus
Probe passing from semilunar hiatus into frontal sinus via frontonasal duct
Middle nasal concha (cut surface)
Ethmoidal bulla
Openings of middle ethmoidal cells
Semilunar hiatus (osteomeatal unit) with opening of anterior ethmoidal air cells
Uncinate process
Vomeronasal organ
Inferior nasal concha (cut surface)
Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Inferior nasal meatus
Opening of maxillary sinus
Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Torus tubarius
Basilar part of occipital bone
Superior nasal meatus with opening of posterior ethmoidal cells
Sphenoidal sinus
Probe in opening of sphenoidal sinus
Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone.
Lateral Wall of Nasal Cavity (continued)
Squamous part of Frontal bone
Sinus of Frontal bone
Nasal spine of Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Agger nasi
Lateral process of nasal septal cartilage
Major alar cartilage
Alar fibrofatty tissue
Frontal process of Maxilla
Anterior nasal spine of Maxilla
Incisive canal of Maxilla
Palatine process of Maxilla
Alveolar process
Inferior nasal concha
Horizontal plate of Palatine bone
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Posterior nasal spine of Palatine bone
Orbital process of Palatine bone
Sphenoidal process of Palatine bone
Sphenoidal sinus of Sphenoidal bone
Medial plates of pterygoid of Sphenoidal bone
Lateral plates of pterygoid of Sphenoidal bone
Pterygoid hamulus of Sphenoidal bone
Basilar part of occipital bone
Sphenopalatine foramen
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Middle nasal concha of Ethmoidal bone
Uncinate process of Ethmoidal bone
Cribriform plate of Ethmoidal bone
Superior nasal concha of Ethmoidal bone
Highest nasal concha of Ethmoidal bone
Lacrimal bone
Frontal sinus
Opening of frontonasal canal
Middle nasal concha (cut away)
Infundibulum leading to frontonasal canal
Semilunar hiatus (osteomeatal unit) with opening of anterior ethmoidal air cells
Uncinate process
Inferior nasal concha (cut away)
Opening of nasolacrimal canal
Ethmoidal bulla
Opening of middle ethmoidal cells
Superior nasal concha (cut away)
Openings of posterior ethmoidal cells
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Openings into maxillary sinus
Sphenopalatine foramen
Ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha
Lesser palatine foramen
Greater palatine foramen
Medial Wall of Nasal Cavity (Nasal Septum)
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasal septum
Choanae (posterior nasal apertures)
Lateral process of nasal septal cartilage
Major alar cartilage
Nasal vestibule
Anterior nasal spine
Incisive canal
Oral cavity
Tongue
Soft palate
Falx cerebri
Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone
Dura mater
Sella turcica
Pharyngeal tonsil
Torus tubarius
Squamous part of Frontal bone
Sinus of Frontal bone
Nasal spine of Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Vomer
Groove for nasopalatine nerve and vessels
Septal cartilage
Major alar cartilage (medial crus)
Anterior nasal spine of Maxilla
Nasal crest of Maxilla
Incisive canal of Maxilla
Palatine process of Maxilla
Crista galli of Ethmoidal bone
Cribriform plate of Ethmoidal bone
Perpendicular plate of Ethmoidal bone
Crest of Sphenoidal bone
Body Sphenoidal bone
Sphenoidal sinus of Sphenoidal bone
Medial plates of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone
Lateral plates of pterygoid process of Sphenoidal bone
Basilar part of occipital bone
Pharyngeal tubercle
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
Nasal crest of Palatine bone
Posterior nasal spine of Palatine bone
Horizontal plate of Palatine bone
Lesser palatine foramen of Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Nerves of Nasal Cavity
Distribution of olfactory mucosa
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Lateral internal nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate
Olfactory tract
Posterior superior lateral nasal branches from maxillary nerve (V2)
Maxillary nerve (V2) (sphenopalatine foramen dissected away)
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve (V2)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2) passing to septum (cut)
Posterior inferior lateral nasal branch from greater palatine nerve (V2)
Olfactory nerves (I)
Greater Palatine nerves (V2)
Lesser Palatine nerves (V2)
Nasal septum
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate
Olfactory tract
Medial internal nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Olfactory nerve (I)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Incisive canal
Arteries of Nasal Cavity: Nasal Septum Turned Up
Nasal septum (turned up)
Schematic hinge
Anterior septal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Anterior lateral nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Alar branches of lateral nasal branch (of facial artery)
Anastomosis between posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery in incisive canal
Greater palatine artery
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Greater palatine foramen and artery
Lesser palatine foramen and artery
External carotid artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Maxillary artery
Posterior lateral nasal branches of sphenopalatine artery
Sphenopalatine foramen
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery
Septal and lateral nasal branches of posterior ethmoidal artery
Anastomosis between posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery in incisive canal
Nasal septal branch of superior labial branch (of facial artery)
Nerves of Nasal Cavity: Nasal Septum Turned Up
Nasal septum (turned up)
Schematic hinge
Medial internal nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Lateral internal nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve (V1)
Internal nasal branches of infra-orbital nerve (V2)
Nasal branch of anterior superior alveolar nerve (V2)
Communication between greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves at incisive canal
Lateral wall of nasal cavity
Greater palatine nerve (V2)
Lesser palatine nerves (V2)
Posterior inferior lateral nasal branch of greater palatine nerve (V2)
Greater and lesser palatine nerves (V2)
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Sphenopalatine foramen (dissected away)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Incisive canal
Olfactory nerves (I)
Nose and Maxillary Sinus: Transverse Section
Major Alar cartilage
Nasal vestibule
Nasal septal cartilage
Facial vein
Maxillary sinus
Masseter muscle
Coronoid process of mandible
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube
Neck of mandible
Parotid gland
Retromandibular vein
Glosso-pharyngeal nerve (IX)
Styloid process
Auricular cartilage
Mastoid air cells
Facial nerve (VII)
Internal jugular vein
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Internal carotid artery
Medulla oblongata
Stylohyoid muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Sympathetic trunk
Superficial temporal artery
Rectus capitis anterior muscle
Longus capitis muscle
Pharyngeal recess
Levator veli palatini muscle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Medial pterygoid muscle
Sphenoidal bone
Maxillary bone
Facial artery
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Paranasal Sinuses
Coronal section
Falx cerebri
Brain
Nasal cavities
Nasal septum
Middle nasal concha
Middle nasal meatus
Maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal meatus
Inferior nasal concha
Hard palate
Oral cavity
Genioglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Olfactory bulbs
Frontal sinus
Orbital fat
Ethmoidal cells
Opening of maxillary sinus
Infra-orbital Recesses of maxillary sinus
Zygomatic Recesses of maxillary sinus
Alveolar Recesses of maxillary sinus
Buccinator muscle
Alveolar process of maxilla
Body of tongue
Sublingual gland
Mandible (body)
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
Horizontal section
Eyeball
Ethmoidal cells
Orbital fat and muscles
Sphenoidal sinuses
Optic chiasm
Nasal cavities
Nasal septum
Medial wall of orbit
Optic nerve (II)
Brain
Paranasal Sinuses (continued)
Sagittal section
Frontal sinus
Opening of frontonasal duct
Semilunar hiatus (osteomeatal unit)
Uncinate process
Opening of maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal concha (turbinate
Ethmoidal air cells (sinuses)
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Middle nasal concha (cut away)
Lateral dissection
Frontal sinus
Orbit
Roots of teeth
Opening into middle nasal meatus
Pterygopalatine fossa
Maxillary sinus
Paranasal Sinuses: Changes with Age
Bones of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses at birth
Part of nasolacrimal duct that formed in depths of nasooptic furrow
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasolacrimal foramen (becomes bony canal)
Part of nasolacrimal duct within nasal cavity with slit-like opening in inferior nasal meatus
Maxilla
Uncinate process of ethmoidal bone
Semilunar hiatus
Maxillary sinus with opening into semilunar hiatus (striped area represents membrane forming most of medial wall of sinus)
Palatine bone
Pterygoid hamulus
Middle nasal concha (cut edge) (inferior nasal concha completely removed)
Superior nasal meatus
Lower border of superior nasal concha
Lower border of highest nasal concha
Medial plate of pterygoid process
Vestigial remnant of Rathke's pouch
Hypophyseal fossa
Body of sphenoidal bone
Sphenoidal sinus within bony shell (sphenoidal concha) located anterior and lateral to body of sphenoidal bone (broken line indicates sinus lateral to sphenoid body)
Sinuses represent two or more posterior ethmoidal cells opening into superior nasal meatus
Sinus represents one or more middle ethmoidal cells opening into middle nasal meatus
Sinus represents one more or more anterior ethmoidal cells opening into semilunar hiatus of middle nasal meatus
Growth of frontal and maxillary sinuses throughout life
Frontal sinus within frontal bone
Middle nasal concha
Nasal septum
Nasal cavity
Inferior nasal concha
Palate
Molar tooth
Maxillary sinus
Left orbit
Salivary Glands
Temporalis tendon
Superficial temporal artery and vein and auriculotemporal nerve
Branches of facial nerve (VII)
Transverse facial artery
Accessory parotid gland
Parotid duct
Buccinator muscle (cut)
Masseter muscle
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Tongue
Frenulum of tongue
Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts (of Rivinus)
Sublingual caruncle with opening of submandibular duct
Sublingual gland
Submandibular duct
Sublingual artery and vein
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Submandibular gland
Facial artery and vein
Hyoid bone
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common trunk receiving facial, anterior branch of retromandibular, and lingual veins (common facial vein)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
External jugular vein
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Retromandibular vein (anterior and posterior divisions)
Parotid gland
Tongue and Salivary Glands: Sections
Horizontal section below lingula of mandible (superior view) demonstrating bed of parotid gland
Orbicularis oris muscle
Buccinator muscle
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Facial artery and vein
Pterygomandibular raphe
Lingual nerve and superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Masseter muscle
Palatoglossus muscle in palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeus muscle in palatopharyngeal arch
Ramus of mandible
Inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve to mylohyoid
Medial pterygoid muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Facial nerve (VII)
Retromandibular vein
External carotid artery
Parotid gland
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Internal jugular vein, internal carotid artery, and nerves IX, X, and XII in carotid sheath
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Buccopharyngeal fascia and retropharyngeal space
Prevertebral fascia
Longus capitis muscle
Coronal section posterior to 1st molar tooth (anterior view) demonstrating beds of sublingual and submandibular glands
Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Vertical and transverse muscles of tongue
Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Styloglossus muscle
Buccinator muscle
Muscles of facial expression
Hyoglossus muscle
Genioglossus muscle
Sublingual salivary gland
Submandibular duct
Mandibular canal, inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve
Lingual nerve
Nerve to mylohyoid
Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve (to lingual vein)
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Submandibular salivary gland
Submandibular lymph node
Mylohyoid muscle
Facial vein
Intermediate digastric tendon
Hyoid bone
Muscles Involved in Mastication
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
Levator labii superioris muscle
Zygomaticus minor muscle
Zygomaticus major muscle
Levator anguli oris muscle
Orbicularis oris muscle
Mentalis muscle
Depressor labii inferioris muscle
Depressor anguli oris muscle
Buccinator muscle
Parotid duct (of Stensen)
Deep part of Masseter muscle
Superficial part of Masseter muscle
Articular disc of temporomandibular joint
Zygomatic arch
Deep layer
Superficial layer
Temporal fascia
Temporalis muscle
Muscles Involved in Mastication (continued)
Lateral view
Articular disc of temporomandibular joint
Articular tubercle
Lateral pterygoid muscle (superior and inferior heads)
Sphenomandibular ligament
Medial pterygoid muscle
Parotid duct (of Stensen)
Buccinator muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Posterior view
Otic ganglion
Sphenomandibular ligament
Masseteric nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Masseteric artery
Medial pterygoid nerve
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
Medial pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
Nerve to mylohyoid
Internal carotid artery
Choanae
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Foramen ovale
Lateral pterygoid plate
Temporomandibular joint
Lateral pterygoid muscle (superior and inferior heads)
Medial pterygoid muscle
Tensor veli palatini muscle (cut)
Levator veli palatini muscle (cut)
Pterygoid hamulus
Mandibular Nerve (V3)
Lateral view
Meningeal branch
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Posterior auricular nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Chorda tympani nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve (cut)
Nerve to mylohyoid
Medial pterygoid muscle (cut)
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Submandibular gland
Sublingual nerve
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Inferior alveolar nerve (cut)
Mental nerve
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Sublingual gland
Submandibular ganglion
Buccal nerve and buccinator muscle (cut)
Lateral pterygoid nerve and muscle
Masseteric nerve
Posterior Deep temporal nerves
Anterior Deep temporal nerves
Temporal fascia and temporalis muscle
Anterior division
Posterior division
Foramen ovale
Medial view
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Anterior division
Tensor veli palatini nerve and muscle
Otic ganglion
Chorda tympani nerve
Medial pterygoid nerve and muscle (cut)
Pterygoid hamulus
Lingual nerve
Motor root
Sensory root
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Tympanic cavity
Chorda tympani nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Tensor tympani muscle and nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
Nerve to mylohyoid
Inferior alveolar nerve entering mandibular foramen
Maxillary Artery
Lateral pterygoid artery and muscle
Supra-orbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
Ophthalmic artery
Dorsal nasal artery
Angular artery
Infra-orbital artery
Posterior of Superior alveolar arteries
Middle of Superior alveolar arteries
Anterior of Superior alveolar arteries
Buccal artery and nerve
Medial pterygoid artery and muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Lingual nerve
Facial artery
Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery
Submental
Anterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Posterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Masseteric artery and nerve
Middle meningeal artery
Auriculotemporal nerve
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Facial nerve
Inferior alveolar artery and nerve
Sphenomandibular ligament
Mylohyoid nerve to mylohyoid artery
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
External carotid artery
Facial artery
Lingual
Mylohyoid artery and nerve
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior lateral nasal branch
Infra-orbital artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior septal branches
Posterior septal branches
Greater (descending) palatine artery
Buccal artery
Anastomosis in incisive canal
Left and right greater palatine arteries
Left and right lesser palatine arteries
Pterygoid arteries
Masseteric artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Styloglossus muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Facial artery
External carotid artery
Tonsillar artery
Tonsillar branches
Ascending palatine artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Superficial temporal artery
Auriculo-temporal nerve
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Anterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Posterior of Deep temporal arteries and nerves
Artery of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal artery
Sphenopalatine foramen
Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2) nerves
Communicating branch
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Long and short ciliary nerves
Ciliary ganglion
Lacrimal nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Frontal nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Zygomatic nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ganglionic branches to pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
Infra-orbital nerve entering
Infra-orbital canal
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Anterior superior alveolar nerve
Infra-orbial nerve
External nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal nerve
Zygomatic facial nerve
Zygomatic temporal nerve
Cutaneous branch of lacrimal nerve
Infratrochlear nerve (from nasociliary nerve)
Supratrochlear nerve
Supra-orbital nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Autonomic Innervation of Nasal Cavity
Superior salivatory nuclear (parasympathetic)
Facial nerve (VII)
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Greater petrosal nerve (sympathetic)
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Maxillary nerve (V2) entering foramen rotundum
Pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa
Lateral and medial posterior superior nasal branches in pterygopalatine fossa
Infra-orbital nerve
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Sympathetic trunk
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter (T1-T5)
Superior cervical ganglion
Internal carotid artery
Internal carotid nerve and plexus
Tympanic cavity
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Posterior superior alveolar nerves
Maxillary sinus
Postsynaptic fibers to vessels (sympathetic) and glands (parasympathetic) of nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and palate
Nasopalatine nerve
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygoid canal (behind ganglion branches connecting maxillary nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion)
Maxillary nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Lacrimal nerve
Zygomatic nerve
Zytomatico-temporal nerve
Zygomatic-facial nerve
Infra-orbital nerve
Middle superior alveolar nerve
Posterior wall of right maxillary sinus (cut)
Posterior superior alveolar nerve
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Communication between greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves, and anastomosis between posterior septal branch of sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery in incisive canal
Lesser and greater palatine arteries
Dental branches of superior alveolar artery
Anterior and middle superior alveolar arteries
External carotid artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Descending palatine artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Infra-orbital artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Artery of pterygoid canal
Pharyngeal artery
Posterior lateral nasal branches of sphenopalatine artery
Nasopalatine nerve (septal branch)
Posterior superior and inferior lateral nasal branches of maxillary nerves
Anterior perspective of fossa with lower facial skeleton removed
Orientation of Nerves and Vessels of the Cranial Base
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Internal carotid artery (cavernous part)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior petrosal sinus
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Greater petrosal nerve
Internal carotid artery (petrosal part) and venous plexus
Cochlea
Anterior semicircular canal
Inferior tympanic artery and tympanic nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Stapedius
Sigmoid sinus
Internal carotid artery (cerebral part)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Artery and nerve of pterygoid canal
Ophthalmic nerve
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Ophthalmic artery
Infra-orbital nerve
Optic nerve (II)
Maxillary ostium
Mastoid cells
Internal carotid nerve and sympathetic plexus
Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
Accessory nerve (XI)
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve (X)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Superior cervical ganglion
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Greater and lesser palatine arteries and nerves
Descending palatine artery
Right medial pterygoid palate
Maxillary sinus
Maxillary artery
Inspection of Oral Cavity
Philtrum
Soft palate
Palatopharyngeal arch
Uvula
Palatoglossal arch
Palatine tonsil
Posterior wall of pharynx
Frenulum of upper lip
Lingual minor salivary gland
Deep lingual artery and veins and lingual nerve
Fimbriated fold
Submandibular duct
Sublingual gland
Frenulum of tongue
Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts
Sublingual caruncle with openings of submandibular duct (of Wharton)
Frenulum of lower lip
Tubercle of upper lip
Parotid papilla with opening of parotid duct (of Stensen)
Roof of Oral Cavity
Anterior view
Incisive papilla
Transverse palatine
Palatine raphe
Palatine process of maxilla
Palatine glands
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Palatine aponeurosis (from tensor veli palatini muscle)
Uvular muscle
Molar minor salivary glands
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Incisive fossa
Greater palatine artery and nerve
Greater palatine foramen
Lesser palatine foramen
Lesser palatine artery and nerves
Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
Pterygoid hamulus
Interdigitating fibers of levator veli palatini muscle
Buccinator muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Palatoglossus muscle
Posterior view
Levator veli palatini muscle (cut)
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle (cut)
Medial pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
Tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
Levator veli palatini muscle (cut)
Palatopharyngeus muscle (cut)
Uvular muscle
Basilar part of occipital bone
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Levator veli palatine muscle
Choanae
Pterygoid hamulus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut)
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Floor of Oral Cavity
Lateral, slightly inferior view
Hyoglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Median raphe between mylohyoid muscles
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Greater horn of Hyoid bone
Lesser horn of Hyoid bone
Body of Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Anteroinferior view
Hyoglossus muscle
Median raphe between mylohyoid muscles
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Mylohyoid muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Posterosuperior view
Sublingual gland
Lingual nerve
Sublingual gland
Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Superior mental spine (genial tubercle) for origin of genioglossus muscle
Hyoglossus muscle (cut)
Lesser horn of Hyoid bone
Body of Hyoid bone
Greater horn of Hyoid
Geniohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Submandibular gland and duct (of Wharton)
Nerve to mylohyoid and artery
Inferior alveolar nerve and artery
Tongue
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Palatoglossus muscle
Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue
Genioglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle (cut)
Geniohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Fibrous loop for intermediate digastric tendon
Intermediate tendon of digastric muscle (cut)
Hyoglossus muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)(cut)
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Glossopharyngeal part of superior pharyngeal constrictor
Styloglossus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Styloid process
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)(cut)
Mastoid process
Lateral view
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Deep lingual artery and venae comitantes
Artery to frenulum
Submandibular duct (of Wharton)
Genioglossus muscle
Sublingual artery and vein
Geniohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve
Dorsal lingual artery and vein
Suprahyoid artery
Lingual vein
Common trunk for facial retromandibular, and lingual veins (common facial vein)
Facial vein
Retromandibular vein
Internal jugular vein
External carotid artery
Lingual artery
Hyoglossus muscle (cut)
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Palatoglossus muscle (cut)
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tongue (continued)
Dorsum of tongue
Root
Body
Apex
Epiglottis
Median glossoepiglottic fold
Lateral glossoepiglottic fold
Vallecula
Palatopharyngeal arch and muscle (cut)
Palatine tonsil (cut)
Lingual tonsil (lingual nodules)
Palatoglossus arch and muscle (cut)
Foramen cecum
Terminal sulcus
Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papilla
Fungiform papilla
Midline groove (median sulcus)
Schematic stereogram: area indicated above
Filiform papillae
Fungiform papilla
Keratinized tip of papilla
Intrinsic muscle
Lingual tonsil
Duct of gland
Crypt
Lymph follicles
Mucous glands
Vallate papilla
Taste buds
Furrow
Lingual glands (serous glands of von Ebner)
Afferent Innervation of Oral Cavity and Pharynx
Trigeminal (V) (maxillary V2)Via superior alveolar nerves
Via pterygopalatine ganglion and nasopalatine and greater and lesser palatine nerves
Facial (VII) (intermediate nerve of Wrisberg)Via greater petrosal nerve, pterygopalatine ganglion, and greater and lesser palatine nerves
Glossopharyngeal (IX)Via pharyngeal plexus
Via tonsillar branches
Taste plus general sensation via lingual branches
Trigeminal (V) (maxillary V2)Via pharyngeal branch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Facial (VII) (intermediate nerve)Via greater petrosal nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion
Trigeminal (V) (maxillary V2)Via pterygopalatine ganglion and nasopalatine and greater and lesser palatine nerves
Via superior alveolar nerves
Trigeminal (V) (mandibular V3)Via buccal nerve
Via inferior alveolar
Teeth
Deciduous (primary) Usual age of eruption
Central incisor (8-10 months)
Lateral incisor (8-10 months)
Canine (cuspid) (16-20 months)
1st molar (15-21 months)
2nd molar (20-24 months)
2nd molar (20-24 months)
1st molar (15-21 months)
Canine (cuspid) (16-20 months)
Lateral incisor (15-21 months)
Central incisor (6-9 months)
Permanent Usual age of eruption
Central incisor (7th year)
Lateral incisor (8th year)
Canine (cuspid) (11th-12th year)
1st premolar (9th year)
2nd premolar (10th year)
1st molar (6th year)
2nd molar (12th-13th year)
3rd molars (17th-25th year)
2nd molar (12th-13th year)
1st molar (6th year)
2nd premolar (10th year)
1st premolar (9th year)
Canine (cuspid) (11th-12th year)
Lateral incisor (8th year)
Central incisor (7th year)
Upper permanent teethIncisive fossa
Palatine process of maxilla
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Greater and lesser palatine foramina
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canines
1st premolars
2nd premolars
1st molars
2nd molars
3rd molars
Lower permanent teeth
Central Incisors
Lateral Incisors
Canines
1st premolars
2nd premolars
1st molars
2nd molars
3rd molars
Teeth (continued)
Crown
Neck
Root
Enamel
Dentine and dentinal tubules
Interglobular spaces
Odontoblast layer
Interproximal spaces
Dental pulp containing vessels and nerves
Gingival (gum) epithelium (stratified)
Gingival groove
Lamina propria of gingiva (gum) (mandibular or maxillary periosteum)
Periodontium (alveolar periosteum)
Papilla
Cement
Root (central) canals containing vessels and nerves
Bone
Apical foramina
Left upper permanent teeth: labiobuccal view
Central Incisors
Lateral Incisors
Canines (cuspids)
Premolar 1
Premolar 2
Molar 1
Molar 2
Molar 3
Left lower permanent teeth: labiobuccal view
Central Incisors
Lateral Incisors
Canines (cuspids)
Premolar 1
Premolar 2
Molar 1
Molar 2
Molar 3
Pharynx: Median Section
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasal septum
Nasopharynx
Soft palate
Palatine glands
Hard palate
Oral cavity
Incisive canal
Palatine tonsil
Body of tongue
Oropharynx
Foramen cecum
Lingual tonsil
Genioglossus muscle
Root of tongue
Epiglottis
Mandible
Geniohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Hyo-epiglottic ligament
Thyrohyoid membrane
Laryngopharynx
Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Esophagus
Esophageal muscles
Thyroid gland
Superficial (investing) layer of deep cervical fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Suprasternal space (of Burns)
Manubrium of sternum
Sella turcica
Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
Pharyngeal tonsil
Pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone
Pharyngeal raphe
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Apical ligament of dens
Anterior arch of atlas (C1 vertebra)
Dens of axis (C2 vertebra)
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Bucco-pharyngeal fascia
Retro-pharyngeal space
Prevertebral fascia and anterior longitudinal ligament
Muscles of Pharynx: Sagittal Section
Medial pterygoid plate
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Levator veli palatini muscle
Palatine aponeurosis and tendon of tensor veli palatini muscle
Pharyngeal tubercle (basilar part of occipital bone)
Pharyngeal raphe
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Apical ligament of dens
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Muscles of soft palate
Palatopharyngeal sphincter (Passavant's ridge)
Pterygoid hamulus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pterygomandibular raphe
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Buccinator muscle
Glossopharyngeal part of superior pharyngeal constrictor
Stylopharngeus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Styloglossus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Fibers to pharyngoepiglottic fold
Buccopharyngeal fascia and retropharyngeal space
Prevertebral fascia and anterior longitudinal ligament
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Inferior pharyngeal and constrictor muscle
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Cricoid attachment of longitudinal esophageal muscle
Circular esophageal muscle
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
Pharynx: Opened Posterior View
Choanae
Base of skull (basilar part of occipital bone)
Pharyngeal tonsil
Styloid process
Nasal septum
Torus tubarius
Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngeal recess
Parotid gland
Torus levatorius (fold caused by levator veli palatini muscle)
Inferior nasal concha
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Soft palate
Angle of mandible
Submandibular gland
Uvula
Palatine tonsil
Root of tongue
Palatopharyngeal arch
Prominence caused by greater horn of hyoid bone
Epiglottis
Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
Prominence caused by superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Aryepiglottic fold
Piriform fossa (recess)
Cuneiform tubercle
Fold over internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Corniculate tubercle
Interarytenoid notch
Prominence over lamina of cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Muscles of Pharynx: Partially Opened Posterior View
Basilar part of occipital bone
Styloid process
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Accessory muscle bundle from petrous part of temporal bone (petropharyngeus muscle)
Medial pterygoid muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Pharyngeal raphe
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Hyoid bone (tip of greater horn)
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Epiglottis
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cuneiform tubercle
Corniculate tubercle
(Transverse and oblique) arytenoid muscles
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
Pharyngeal tubercle
Pharyngeal tonsil
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Choana
levator veli palatini muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Uvula
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Root of tongue
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Pharyngo-epiglottic fold
Aryepiglottic fold
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut edge)
Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage lamina
Cricoid attachment of longitudinal esophageal muscle
Circular esophageal muscle
Fauces
Sphenoidal sinus
Pharyngeal tonsil
Torus tubarius
Pharyngeal tubercle (basilar part of occipital bone)
Pharyngeal raphe
Pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Hard palate
Pharyngeal recess
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Soft palate
Palatine glands
Uvula
Semilunar fold
Supratonsillar fossa
Palatine tonsil
Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
Oropharynx
Triangular fold
Tongue (drawn anteriorly and inferiorly)
Lingual tonsil
Epiglottis
Vallecula
Pharyngeal mucosa removed
Pharyngeal tonsil
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Medial pterygoid plate
Tensor veli palatini muscle and tendon
Levator veli palatini muscle
Ascending palatine artery
Pharyngeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
Lesser palatine artery
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Pterygoid hamulus
Pterygomandibular raphe
Tonsillar branch of lesser palatine artery
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tonsillar branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
Palatoglossus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Tonsillar branch of ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar branch of facial artery
Tonsillar branch of dorsal lingual artery
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and tonsillar branch
Stylohyoid ligament
Hyoglossus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Pharyngoesophageal Junction
Posterior view with pharynx opened and mucosa removed
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Root of tongue
Epiglottis
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle of Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Stylopharyngeus muscle of Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
Pharyngoepiglottic fold
Laryngeal inlet (aditus)
Thyroid cartilage (superior horn)
Thyrohyoid membrane
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal artery and vein
Oblique arytenoid muscle
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Thyroid cartilage
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (thyropharyngeus)
Pharyngeal aponeurosis (cut away)
Zone of sparse muscle fibers
Cricopharyngeus (muscle) part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Cricoid cartilage (lamina)
Cricoid-esophageal tendon (attachment of longitudinal esophageal muscle)
Circular esophageal muscle
Esophageal mucosa and submucosa
Circular muscle in V-shaped area (of Laimer)
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
Window cut in longitudinal muscle exposes circular muscle layer
Muscles of Pharynx: Lateral View
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Levator veli palatini muscle
Lateral pterygoid plate
Pterygoid hamulus
Buccinator muscle (cut)
Pterygomandibular raphe
Buccinator crest of mandible
Oblique line of mandible
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoid bone
Stylohyoid muscle (cut)
Thyroid cartilage
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Digastric muscle (posterior belly) (cut)
Styloid process
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Greater horn of hyoid bone
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tendinous arch
Zone of sparse muscle fibers
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Esophagus
Tracheoesophageal groove
Nerves of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve (V2)
Deep temporal nerves (V3)
Masseteric nerve (V3)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
nerve to medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini muscles (V3) (cut)
Zygomaticofacial branch of zygomatic nerve (V2)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Infra-orbital nerve (V2)
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Greater and lesser palatine nerves (V2)
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2)
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2)
Nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle (V3) (cut)
Buccal nerve (V3)
Chorda tympani nerve (VII)
Lingual nerve (V3)
Medial pterygoid muscle (cut) (lateral pterygoid removed)
Inferior alveolar nerve (V3)
Mental nerve (V3)
Nerve to mylohyoid (V3)
Submandibular ganglion
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and tonsillar branch
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Carotid sinus nerve (of Hering) (IX) and carotid body
Nerve to thyrohyoid muscle (C1, 2 via XII)
Internal and external branches of superior laryngeal nerve (X)
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis (C1, 2, 3)
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis (C1, 2, 3)
Nerves to superior and inferior bellies of omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles (ansa cervicalis)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (X)
Sympathetic trunk and middle cervical ganglion
Common carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
Middle meningeal artery
Superficial temporal artery (cut)
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Maxillary artery
Accessory nerve (XI) (cut)
C1 spinal nerve (ventral ramus) (cut)
C2 spinal nerve (ventral ramus) (cut)
Pharyngeal plexus composed of branches from glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and sympathetic nerves
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X) and superior cervical cardiac branch
C4 spinal nerve (ventral ramus) (cut)
Phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
Ascending cervical artery
Middle scalene muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
Brachial plexus (cut) superior, middle, inferior trunks)
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Arteries of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Supra-orbital artery from ophthalmic artery
Supratrochlear artery from ophthalmic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Deep temporal arteries
Dorsal nasal artery
Masseteric artery
Angular artery
Infra-orbital artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Descending palatine artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Superior labial artery
Buccal artery
Buccinator muscle and parotid duct (cut)
Inferior labial artery
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery
inferior alveolar artery
and lingual branch
Facial artery
Submental artery
Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery
Submandibular gland
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Suprahyoid artery
External carotid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid artery
Cricothyroid artery
common carotid artery
Subclavian artery
Occipital artery
Auriculo-temporal nerve
Transverse facial artery (cut)
Superficial temporal artery
Deep auricular and anterior tympanic arteries
Maxillary artery
Posterior auricular artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery and sternocleidomastoid branch
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Internal carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X)
Superior cervical cardiac nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Anterior scalene muscle
Phrenic nerve
Middle scalene muscle
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Veins of Oral and Pharyngeal Regions
Supratrochlear vein
Supra-orbital vein
Nasofrontal vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Angular vein
External nasal vein
Emissary vein (of Versalius) communicating with cavernous sinus
Infra-orbital vein
Posterior superior alveolar veins
Palatine vein
Pterygoid plexus
superior labial vein
Deep facial vein
Maxillary veins
Inferior labial vein
Mental vein
Facial vein and artery
External palatine vein
Submental vein
Submandibular gland
Vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve
Dorsal lingual vein coursing medial to hyoglossus muscle
Lingual vein
Communication to anterior jugular vein (cut)
Superior laryngeal vein
Superior thyroid vein
Thyroid gland
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid veins
Termination of anterior jugular vein (cut)
Left brachiocephalic vein
Occipital vein and artery
Superficial temporal vein and artery
Transverse facial vein (cut)
Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein (anterior and posterior branches)
External jugular vein (cut)
Inferior alveolar vein and artery
Occipital vein and artery
Occipital vein and artery
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Common trunk receiving facial, anterior branch of retromandibular, and lingual veins (common facial vein)
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X) and sympathetic trunk
Middle scalene muscle
Anterior scalene muscle
External jugular vein (cut)
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Lymph vessels and Nodes of Head and Neck
Superficial parotid nodes (deep parotid nodes deep to and within parotid gland)
Subparotid node
Facial nodes Nasolabial Buccinator
Mandibular nodes
Submandibular nodes
Submental nodes
Suprahyoid node
Superior deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) nodes
Superior thyroid nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid node
Anterior deep cervical (pretracheal and thyroid) nodes (deep to infrahyoid muscles)
Anterior superficial cervical nodes (anterior jugular nodes)
Jugular trunk
Supraclavicular nodes
Subclavian trunk and node
Occipital nodes
Mastoid nodes
Sternocleidomastoid nodes
Superior lateral superficial cervical (external jugular) node
Accessory nerve (XI)
Jugulodigastric node
Posterior lateral superficial cervical (spinal accessory) nodes
Intercalated node
Inferior deep lateral cervical (scalene) node
Thoracic duct
Transverse cervical chain of nodes
Lymph Vessels and Nodes of Pharynx and Tongue
Lymphatic drainage of pharynx: posterior view
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Rectus capitis anterior muscle (cut)
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Retropharyngeal nodes
Internal jugular vein
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Intercalated node
Jugulodigastric node
Deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid node
Lymphatic drainage of tongue
Apical collecting vessels
Central collecting vessels
Marginal collecting vessels
Basal collecting vessels
Communication to opposite side
Submental node
Submandibular node
Jugulodigastric node
Deep lateral cervical (internal jugular) nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid node
Thyroid Gland: Anterior view
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Infrahyoid artery
superior thyroid artery and vein
Superior laryngeal artery
Thyrohyoid membrane
Superior root of Ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of Ansa cervicalis
Common carotid artery
Cricothyroid artery
Internal jugular vein
Phrenic nerve
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid veins
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid veins
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Superficial cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery and vein
Vagus nerve (X)
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Brachiocephalic trunk
Brachiocephalic veins
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Hyoid bone
superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Thyroid cartilage (lamina)
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid muscles
Cricoid cartilage
Pyramidal lobe (often absent or small) of Thyroid gland
Right lobe of Thyroid gland
Left lobe of Thyroid gland
Isthmus Thyroid gland
Pretracheal lymph nodes
Phrenic nerve
Anterior scalene muscle
Vagus nerve (X)
External jugular vein
Anterior jugular vein
1st rib (cut)
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Common carotid artery
Medial margin of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Cupula (dome) of pleura
Trachea
Thyroid Gland and Pharynx: Posterior View
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Tip of greater horn of hyoid bone
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pharyngeal raphe
Zone of sparse muscle fibers
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Circular esophageal muscle in V-shaped area of sparse longitudinal muscle fibers
Longitudinal esophageal muscle
inferior thyroid muscle
Inferior thyroid vein
Trachea
Inferior bulb of internal jugular vein
Vertebral artery
Left subclavian artery and vein
Internal thoracic artery and vein
Left brachiocephalic vein
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Arch of aorta
Left vagus nerve (X)
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve (X)
Internal jugular vein
Thyroid gland (right lobe)
Superior parathyroid gland
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior parathyroid gland
Inferior thyroid artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Superficial cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
thyrocervical trunk
Right subclavian artery and vein
Right brachiocephalic vein
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right vagus nerve (X)
Superior vena cava
Parathyroid Glands
Posterior view
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Vagus nerve (X)
Epiglottis
Superior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Fibrous capsule of thyroid gland (cut)
Superior parathyroid gland
Left lobe of thyroid gland
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior parathyroid gland
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Esophagus
Subclavian artery
Trachea
Thyrohyoid membrane
Hyoid bone
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (cut)
Common carotid artery
Fibrous capsule of thyroid gland (cut)
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Superior parathyroid gland
Right lobe of thyroid gland
Inferior parathyroid gland (may be more caudally located, even within mediastinum)
Inferior thyroid artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Vertebral artery
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right lateral view
External carotid artery
Superior thyroid vein
Superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid artery (cut)
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Esophagus
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Superior parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland (right lobe) (retracted anteriorly)
Inferior parathyroid gland
Inferior thyroid vein
Cartilages of Larynx
Anterior view
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Superior thyroid notch
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Median cricothyroid ligament
Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Posterior view
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Superior horn of thyroid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Vocal ligament
Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Anterosuperior view
Arytenoid articular surface of Cricoid cartilage
Lamina of Cricoid cartilage
Arch of Cricoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Muscular process of Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal process of Arytenoid cartilage
Right lateral view
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Triticeal cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Oblique line
Laryngeal prominence
Median of Cricothyroid ligament
Lateral of Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid joint
Trachea
Medial view, median (sagittal) section
Epiglottis
Hyoepiglottic ligament
Hyoid bone
Thyrohyoid membrane
Thyroid cartilage lamina
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Muscular process
Vocal process
Vocal ligament
Thyro-epiglottic ligament
Cricothyroid ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Posterior view
Epiglottis
Ary-epiglottic fold
Cuneiform tubercle
Corniculate tubercle
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Oblique arytenoid muscle
Transverse arytenoid muscle
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Right lateral view
Foramen for superior laryngeal vessels and internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Straight part of Cricothyroid muscle
Oblique part of Cricothyroid muscle
Lateral dissection
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Conus elasticus
Thyroid articular surface
Cricothyroid muscle (cut away)
Epiglottis
Thyro-epiglottic part of thyro-arytenoid muscle
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Superior view
Muscular process of Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal process of Arytenoid cartilage
Lamina of cricoid cartilage
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
Conus elasticus
Cricothyroid muscle
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
Vocalis muscle
Vocal ligament
Lamina of thyroid cartilage
Normal larynx: inspiration
Root of tongue (lingual tonsil)
Median glossoepiglottic ligament
Vocal fold (true cords)
Trachea
Piriform fossa
Corniculate tubercle
Esophagus
Epiglottis
Ventricular folds (false cords)
Ary-epiglottic fold
Cuneiform tubercle
Action of Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx
Action of cricothyroid muscles
Lengthening (increasing tension) of vocal ligaments
Cricothyroid joint (pivot point)
Action of posterior crico-arytenoid muscles
Abduction of vocal ligaments
Action of lateral crico-arytenoid muscles
Adduction of vocal ligaments
Action of transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
Adduction of vocal ligaments
Action of vocalis and thyro-arytenoid muscles
Shortening (relaxation) of vocal ligaments
Nerves of Larynx
Pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal branch
External branch
Thyrohyoid membrane
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Cricopharyngeus muscle (part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor)
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Right lateral view: thyroid cartilage lamina removed
Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
Sensory branches to larynx
Ansa of Galen
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Thyro-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
Thyro-epiglottic part of thyro-arytenoid muscle
Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
Thyro-arytenoid muscle
Vocalis muscle
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
Thyroid articular surface
Anterior and posterior branches of inferior laryngeal nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Coronal section through larynx
Epiglottis
Superior thyroid veins
Internal laryngeal nerve
Superior laryngeal artery
Thyroid hyoid muscle
Ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid muscle
thyroid cartilage
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid gland
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Inferior laryngeal artery
Hyoid bone
Vestibule
Vestibular fold
Vocal fold
Vocalis muscle
Superior thyroid veins
Conus elasticus
Infraglottic region
Eyelids
Superior palpebral conjunctiva: tarsal (meibomian) glands shining through
Pupil Seen through cornea
Iris Seen through cornea
Corneoscleral junction (corneal limbus)
Bulbar conjunctiva over sclera
Inferior conjunctival fornix
Inferior palpebral conjunctiva: tarsal glands shining through
Superior lacrimal papilla
Plica semilunaris
Lacrimal caruncle in lacrimal lake (lacus lacrimalis)
Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Orbital septum
Superior tarsal (Müller's) muscle (smooth)
Superior conjunctival fornix
Orbicularis oculi muscle (palpebral part)
Superior tarsus
Tarsal (meibomian) glands
Sebaceous glands
Eyelashes (cilia)
Openings of tarsal glands
Inferior tarsus
Orbicularis oculi muscle (palpebral part)
Inferior conjunctival fornix
Orbital septum
Sclera
Bulbar conjunctiva
Palpebral conjunctiva
Cornea
Lens
Anterior chamber
Iris
Posterior chamber
Frontal bone
Insertion of levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Orbital septum
Superior tarsus
Lateral palpebral ligament and overlying raphe
Inferior tarsus
Orbital septum
Zygomatic bone
Supra-orbital artery and nerve
Supratrochlear artery and nerve
Dorsal nasal artery and infratrochlear nerve
Lacrimal sac
Medial palpebral ligament
Maxilla (frontal process)
Infra-orbital artery and nerve
Lacrimal Apparatus
Orbital part of lacrimal gland
Palpebral part of lacrimal gland
Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland
Plica semilunaris
Lacrimal caruncle
Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Superior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Frontal bone (cut away)
Orbital part of lacrimal gland
Palpebral part of lacrimal gland
Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland
Plica semilunaris and lacrimal lake
Lacrimal caruncle
Inferior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Opening of nasolacrimal duct and site of Hasner's valve
Superior lacrimal papilla and punctum
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Middle nasal concha
Nasal cavity
Inferior nasal concha (cut)
Inferior nasal meatus
Fasciae of Orbit and Eyeball
Horizontal section
Medial palpebral ligament
Nasal cavity
Check ligament of medial rectus muscle
Ethmoidal cells
Periorbita
Medial rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Sclera
Episcleral space
Optic nerve (II) and meningeal sheath
Sphenoidal sinus
Tarsus of eyelid
Palpebral conjunctiva
Bulbar conjunctiva
Lens
Cornea
Lateral palpebral ligament
Check ligament of lateral rectus muscle
Periorbita
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Episcleral space
Lateral rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Retrobulbar fat (orbital fat body)
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Frontal section
Superior rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Lacrimal gland
Lateral rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Periorbita
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Episcleral space
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle and fascial sheath
Optic disc
Superior oblique muscle and fascial sheath
Medial rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Periorbita
Ethmoidal cell
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Inferior rectus muscle and fascial sheath
Inferior oblique muscle and fascial sheath
Infra-orbital nerve (V2)
Muscle attachments and nerves and vessels entering orbit
Superior orbital fissure
Lacrimal nerve (V1)
Frontal nerve (V1)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Lateral rectus muscle
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior orbital fissure
Abducent nerve (VI)
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior oblique muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Optic nerve (II) in optic canal
Ophthalmic artery in optic canal
Inferior rectus muscle
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)
Nasociliary nerve (V1)
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Right lateral view
Superior oblique muscle
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Lateral rectus muscle (cut)
Inferior rectus muscle
Maxillary sinus
Trochlea (pulley)
Optic nerve (II) (within meningeal sheath)
Lateral rectus muscle (cut)
Inferior oblique muscle
Superior view
Trochlea
Superior oblique muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Inferior rectus muscle
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Superior tarsus
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (cut)
Superior rectus muscle (cut)
Lateral rectus muscle
Optic nerve (II) (within meningeal sheath)
Superior rectus muscle (cut)
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (cut)
Innervation of extrinsic eye muscles: anterior view
Superior oblique muscle of Trochlear nerve (IV)
Lateral rectus muscle of Abducens nerve (VI)
Trochlea
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Superior rectus muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Medial rectus muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior rectus muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Inferior oblique muscle of Oculomotor nerve (III)
Arteries and Veins of Orbit and Eyelids
Superior view
Supratrochlear artery
Dorsal nasal artery
Anterior meningeal artery
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Continuation of ophthalmic artery
Muscular branch
Ophthalmic artery
Internal carotid artery
Medial palpebral artery
Lateral palpebral artery
Lacrimal gland
Supra-orbital artery
Zygomatic branches
Posterior ciliary arteries
Muscular branch
Lacrimal artery
Central retinal artery
Anterior view
Frontal branch of superficial temporal artery
Superior lateral palpebral artery
Zygomatico-orbital artery
Inferior lateral palpebral artery
Zygomaticofacial artery
Transverse facial artery
Infra-orbital artery
Supra-orbital artery
Supratrochlear
Dorsal nasal artery
Superior medial palpebral artery
Angular artery
Inferior medial palpebral artery
Superior and inferior palpebral arterial arches
Facial artery
(X = anastomosis of vessels from external and internal carotid arteries)
Lateral view
Supratrochlear vein
Supra-orbital vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Cavernous sinus
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Pterygoid plexus
Maxillary vein
Retromandibular vein
Nasofrontal vein
Angular vein
Vorticose veins
Facial vein
Deep facial vein
Nerves of Orbit
Superior view
Supratrochlear nerve
Medial rectus muscle
Infratrochlear nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Optic nerve (II)
Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Tentorium cerebelli
Medial branch of Supra-orbital nerve
Lateral branch of Supra-orbital nerve
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior rectus muscle
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal nerve
Lateral rectus muscle
Frontal nerve
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Meningeal branch of maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Lesser petrosal nerve
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
Greater petrosal nerve
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
Tentorial (meningeal) branch of ophthalmic nerve
Superior view: levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, and superior oblique muscles partially cut away
Supratrochlear nerve (cut)
Supra-orbital nerve branches (cut)
Infratrochlear nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Optic nerve (II)
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Superior branch of oculomotor nerve (III) (cut)
Nasociliary nerve
Internal carotid plexus
Trochlear nerve (IV) (cut)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Long ciliary nerves
Short ciliary nerves
Lacrimal nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from inferior branch of oculomotor nerve)
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from internal carotid plexus)
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion (from nasociliary nerve)
Branches to inferior and medial rectus muscles
Abducent nerve (VI)
Long ciliary nerves
Short ciliary nerves
Lacrimal nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from inferior branch of oculomotor nerve)
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion (from internal carotid plexus)
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion (from nasociliary nerve)
Branches to inferior and medial rectus muscles
Abducent nerve (VI)
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (III)
Lacrimal nerve
Meningeal branch (V2)
Frontal nerve (cut)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Meningeal branch (V3)
Eyeball
Horizontal section
Zonular fibers (suspensory ligament of lens)
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Scleral spur
Ciliary body and ciliary muscle
Ciliary part of retina
Tendon of lateral rectus muscle
Iris
Lens
Capsule of lens
Cornea
Anterior chamber
Poster chamber
Iridocorneal angle
Ciliary processes
Bulbar conjunctiva
Ora serrata
Tendon of medial rectus muscle
Optic (visual) part of retina
Choroid
Perichoroidal space
Sclera
Fascial sheath of eyeball (Tenon's capsule)
Episcleral space
Fovea centralis in macula (lutea)
Meningeal sheath of optic nerve
Subarachnoid space
Central retinal artery and vein
Optic nerve (II)
Lamina cribrosa of sclera
Hyaloid canal
Vitreous body
Anterior and Posterior Chambers of Eye
Cornea
Endothelium of anterior chamber
Posterior limiting lamina (Descemet's membrane)
Schwalbe's line
Trabecular meshwork and spaces of iridocorneal angle (of Fontana)
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Scleral spur
Iridocorneal angle
Pectinate ligament
Major arterial circle of iris
Anterior ciliary vein
Bulbar conjunctiva
Sclera
Anterior chamber
Folds of iris
Minor arterial circle of iris Lens
Posterior chamber
Perichoroidal space
Ciliary body
Ciliary part of retina
Meridional fibers of Ciliary muscle
Circular fibers of Ciliary muscle
Ciliary process
Zonular fibers (suspensory ligament of lens)
Dilator pupillae muscle
Pigment epithelium (iridial part of retina)
Sphincter pupillae muscle
Capsule of lens
Nucleus of lens
Lens and Supporting Structures
Eyeball sectioned in coronal plane: anterior segment viewed from behind
Sclera
Choroid
Optic part of retina
Ora serrata
Orbiculus ciliaris of ciliary body covered by ciliary part of retina
Ciliary processes
Zonular fibers
Lens
Horizontal section
Axis of Lens
Nucleus of Lens
Capsule of Lens
Cortex of Lens
Equator of Lens
Anterior chamber
Iris
Posterior chamber
Ciliary body
Ciliary process
Pre-equatorial of Zonular fibers
Equatorial of Zonular fibers
Post-equatorial of Zonular fibers
Orbiculus ciliaris of ciliary body
Ora serrata
Optic part of retina
Enlargement of segment outlined in top illustration (semi-schematic)
Optic part of retina
Ora serrata
Orbiculus ciliaris of ciliary body covered by ciliary part of retina
Ciliary processes
Zonular fibers
Iris
Zonular fibers fanning out and blending into lens capsule
Lens
Intrinsic Arteries and Veins of Eye
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Anterior chamber
Cornea
Minor arterial circle of iris
Major arterial circle of iris
Blood vessels of ciliary body
Bulbar conjunctiva
Anterior ciliary artery and vein
Muscular artery and vein
Extrinsic eye muscle
Long posterior ciliary artery
Vorticose vein
Episcleral artery and vein
Retinal artery and vein
Long posterior ciliary artery
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Central retinal artery and vein
Optic nerve (II)
Iridocorneal angle
Posterior chamber
Zonular fibers
Iris
Lens
Ciliary body
Ora serrata
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
Vitreous chamber
Right retinal vessels: funduscopic view
Fovea centralis
Macula
Superior temporal retinal arteriole and venule
Superior macular arteriole and venule
Superior nasal retinal arteriole and venule
Optic disc
Inferior nasal retinal arteriole and venule
Inferior macular arteriole and venule
Vascular Supply of Eye
Vascular arrangements within the choroid (vascular tunic) of the eyeball
Conjunctiva and cornea
Minor arterial circle of iris
Major arterial circle of iris
Anterior ciliary veins
Posterior conjunctival artery and vein
Sclera
Tendon of superior rectus muscle
Anterior ciliary arteries
Anterior tributaries of vorticose vein
Episcleral vein*
Junctions of suprachoroidal tributaries forming vorticose vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Bulb of vorticose (choroid) vein
Vorticose (choroid) vein
Long posterior ciliary artery
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Meningeal sheath of optic nerve
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Central retinal artery and vein
Vessels of internal sheath of optic nerve
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Segment of episcleral vein*
Inferior ophthalmic vein*
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Posterior tributaries of a vorticose vein
Muscular artery
Recurrent branch of anterior ciliary artery
Nonpigmented and pigmented regions of the retina
Anterior ciliary veins
Veins draining scleral venous sinus (into anterior ciliary veins)
Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Arteries and veins of iris
*The episcleral veins are shown here anastomosing with the vorticose veins, which they do; however, they also drain into the anterior ciliary veins.
Pathway of Sound Reception
Frontal section
Auricle
Epitympanic recess
Malleus (head)
Tegmen tympani
Incus
Prominence of lateral semicircular canal
Limbs of stapes
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Base of stapes in oval (vestibular) window
Vestibule
Semicircular ducts, ampullae, utricle, and saccule
Arcuate eminence
Facial nerve (VII) (cut)
Vestibular nerve
Cochlear nerve
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Parotid gland
Tympanic cavity
Promontory
Round (cochlear) window
Internal jugular vein
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Scala tympani of Cochlea
Cochlear duct containing spiral organ (of Corti) of Cochlea
Scala vestibuli of Cochlea
Scala vestibuli of Cochlea
Helicotrema of Cochlea
Note: Arrows indicate course of sound waves
Adult
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Child
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube is shorter and more horizontal
External Ear and Tympanic Cavity
Right auricle (pinna)
Lobule of auricle
Concha of auricle
Antihelix
Auricular tubercle (of Darwin)
Crura of antihelix
Scaphoid fossa
Helix
Triangular fossa
Crux of helix
External acoustic meatus
Tragus
Intertragic notch
Antitragus
Otoscopic view of right tympanic membrane
Pars tensa
Cone of light
Umbo
Handle of malleus
Long limb of incus
Anterior malleolar fold
Lateral process of malleus
Pars flaccida
Posterior malleolar fold
Coronal oblique section of external acoustic meatus and middle ear (tympanic cavity)
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Anterior ligament of malleus (cut)
Chorda tympani nerve (cut)
Short limb of incus
Superior ligament of malleus
Epitympanic recess
Tegmen tympani
Dura mater
Head of malleus
Long limb of incus
Footplate of stapes
Handle of malleus
Promontory with tympanic plexus
Tensor tympani muscle
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Tympanic cavity
Right tympanic cavity after removal of tympanic membrane (lateral view)
Tympanic nerve
Fossa of round window
Stapes
Pyramidal eminence and tendon of stapedius muscle
Prominence of facial canal
Long limb of incus
Chorda tympani nerve
Lateral process of malleus
Tendon of tensor tympani muscle
Handle of malleus
Lesser petrosal nerve
Tympanic plexus on promontory
Ossicles articulated: medial view
Stapes
Malleus
Incus
Lenticular process of incus
Tympanic Cavity
Styloid process
Stylomastoid artery
Facial nerve
Mastoid cells
Stapedial branch of stylomastoid artery
Mastoid antrum
Pyramidal eminence (cut)
Chorda tympani
Anterior tympanic artery
Tensor tympani muscle and tendon (cut)
Arteries of malleolar stria
Handle of malleus
Tubal artery
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Marginal arterial rete
Tympanic membrane
Inferior tympanic artery
Deep auricular artery
Posterior tympanic branch of stylomastoid artery
Anterior crural artery
Descending branch of superficial petrosal artery
Stapes
Posterior crural artery
Stapedius muscle
Stapedial branch of stylomastoid artery
Chorda tympani
Posterior tympanic branch of stylomastoid artery
Facial nerve
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Stylomastoid artery
Superficial temporal artery
Internal jugular vein
External carotid artery
Maxillary artery
Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Inferior tympanic artery and nerve
Internal carotid artery and carotid plexus
Caroticotympanic artery and nerve
Maxillary artery
Tympanic plexus
Middle meningeal artery
Meningeal accessory artery
Lesser petrosal nerve and superior tympanic artery
Tubal artery
Otic ganglion
Artery and nerve of pterygoid canal
Facial nerve and nervus intermedius
Superficial petrosal artery and greater petrosal nerve
Labyrinthine artery
Lesser petrosal nerve and superior tympanic artery
Geniculate ganglion
Tensor tympani muscle
Bony and Membranous Labyrinths
Right bony labyrinth (otic capsule), anterolateral view: surrounding cancellous bone removed
Posterior of Semicircular canals
Lateral of Semicircular canals
Anterior of Semicircular canals
Common bony limb
Ampullae
Vestibule
Cochlea
Oval (vestibular) window
Round (cochlea) window
Cochlear cupula
Dissected right bony labyrinth (otic capsule): membranous labyrinth removed
Posterior of Semicircular canals
Lateral of Semicircular canals
Anterior of Semicircular canals
Elliptical recess of Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers)
Cochlear recess of Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers)
Spherical recess of Vestibule (note perforations for nerve fibers)
Helicotrema
Internal opening of vestibular aqueduct (for endolymphatic duct)
Round (cochlear) window
Scala tympani
Osseous spiral lamina
Scala vestibuli
Hamulus of spiral lamina
Right membranous labyrinth with nerves: medial view
Superior part of vestibular nerve (from utricle and anterior and lateral ampullae)
Cochlear duct (basal turn)
Cochlear nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Vestibular nerve
Vestibular ganglion (of Scarpa)
Inferior part of vestibular nerve (from saccule and posterior ampulla)
Saccule
Endolymphatic duct
Posterior ampulla
Posterior semicircular duct
Lateral semicircular duct
Common membranous limb
Lateral ampulla
Anterior ampulla
Anterior semicircular duct
Utricle
Bony and Membranous Labyrinths (continued)
Bony and membranous labyrinths: schema
Anterior semicircular canal and duct
Posterior semicircular canal and duct
Common bony and membranous limbs
Lateral semicircular canal and duct
Otic capsule
Stapes in oval (vestibular) window
Incus
Malleus
Tympanic cavity
External acoustic meatus
Umbo
Tympanic membrane
Round (cochlear) window (closed by secondary tympanic membrane)
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Vestibule
Otic capsule
Cochlear aqueduct
Scala tympani
Cochlear duct
Scala vestibuli
Ductus reuniens
Helicotrema of cochlea
Saccule
Utricle
Endolymphatic sac in vestibular aqueduct
Endolymphatic sac
Dura mater
Ampullae
Section through turn of cochlea
Osseous spiral lamina
Nerve fibers
Modiolus of cochlea
Spiral ganglion (of Corti)
Scala tympani
Cochlear nerve
Scala vestibuli
Vestibular (Reissner's) membrane
Cochlear duct
Spiral ligament
Tectorial membrane
Spiral organ (of Corti)
Basilar membrane
Osseous cochlea
Outer hair cells
Pillar (rod) cells
Inner hair cell
Orientation of Labyrinths in Skull
Superior projection of right bony labyrinth on floor of skull
Cochlea
Cochlear nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Internal acoustic opening
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Vestibular nerve
Petrous part of temporal bone
Opening of vestibular aqueduct (for endolymphatic duct)
Groove for greater petrosal nerve
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Plane of anterior semicircular canal
Lateral semicircular canal
Plane of posterior semicircular canal
Lateral projection of right membranous labyrinth
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Anterior semicircular duct
Cerebellum
Superior petrosal sinus
Straight sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Auricle (retracted anteriorly)
Cochlear duct
Cochlear nerve
Superior part of vestibular nerve
Internal jugular vein
Inferior part of vestibular nerve
Lateral semicircular duct
Posterior semicircular duct
Sigmoid sinus
Transverse sinus
Pharyngotympanic (Auditory, Eustachian) Tube
Cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube at base of skull: inferior view
Pterygoid hamulus and medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate
Scaphoid fossa
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spine of sphenoidal bone
Mandibular fossa
Internal carotid artery entering carotid canal
Stylomastoid foramen
Mastoid process
Palatine process of maxilla
Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Choana
Lateral lamina of cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Medial lamina of cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Foramen lacerum
Petrous part of temporal bone
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
Meninges and Diploic Veins
Coronal dissection
Diploic veins
Superior sagittal sinus
Emissary vein
Frontal and parietal tributaries of superficial temporal vein
Frontal and parietal branches of superficial temporal artery
Granular foveola (indentation of skull by arachnoid granulation)
Lateral (venous) lacuna (of Trolard)
Bridging vein
Inferior sagittal sinus
Cavum septum pellucidum
Superior thalamostriate and choroidal veins, internal cerebral veins, and choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Arachnoid granulation
Cerebral vein (bridging vein) penetrates subdural space to enter sinus
Dura mater (periosteal and meningeal layers)
Dura-skull interface (site of epidural hematoma)
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Middle meningeal artery and vein
Deep, middle, and superficial temporal arteries and veins
Temporalis muscle
Diploic and emissary veins of skull
Frontal diploic vein
Anterior temporal diploic vein
Parietal emissary vein
Posterior temporal diploic vein
Occipital emissary vein
Occipital diploic vein
Mastoid emissary vein
Meningeal Arteries
Frontal (anterior) and parietal (posterior) branches of middle meningeal artery
Middle meningeal artery
Anterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Arachnoid granulations
Opening of superior cerebral vein
Lateral (venous) lacuna (of Trolard)
Superior sagittal sinus
Dura mater
Mastoid branch of occipital artery
Internal carotid artery (cavernous segment)
Meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal artery
Mastoid branch of occipital artery
Anterior and posterior meningeal branches of vertebral artery
Tentorial, cavernous sinus, and meningeal branches of meningohypophyseal trunk
Middle meningeal artery
Recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal (ophthalmic) artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Anterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery
Internal carotid artery and its meningohypophyseal trunk (phantom)
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery
Superficial temporal artery
Maxillary artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
External carotid artery
Meninges and Superficial Cerebral Veins
Bridging vein
Calvaria
Pericranium
Loose areolar tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Connective tissue
Skin
Granular foveola
Arachnoid granulation
Superior sagittal sinus
Emissary vein
Tributary of superficial temporal vein
Diploic vein
Dura-skull interface (site of epidural hematoma)
Dura mater
Arachnoid-dura interface (site of subdural hematoma)
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Cerebral artery
Superior cerebral vein
Falx cerebri
Cerebral hemisphere
Branches of middle meningeal artery
Superior sagittal sinus
Dura mater (meningeal layer)
Superior cerebral veins (beneath arachnoid)
Superior cerebral veins (bridging veins) (penetrating arachnoid and dura mater to enter superior sagittal sinus)
Middle meningeal artery and veins
Temporalis muscle
Dura mater (endostial layer)
Inferior cerebral veins (beneath arachnoid)
Superficial middle cerebral vein
Inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
Superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
Dural Venous Sinuses
Sagittal section
Transverse sinus
Occipital sinus
Falx cerebelli
Confluence of sinuses
Straight sinus
Superior sagittal sinus
Bridging veins
Great cerebral vein of (of Galen)
Tentorium cerebelli
Superior sagittal sinus
Falx cerebri
Inferior sagittal sinus
Sphenoparietal sinus
Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses
Superior petrosal sinus
Basilar venous plexus
Inferior petrosal sinus
To jugular foramen
Vertebral venous plexus (of Baston)
Sigmoid sinus
Dural Venous Sinuses (continued)
Skull sectioned horizontally: superior view
Superior sagittal sinus (cut)
Falx cerebri (cut)
Superior ophthalmic vein
Anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses
Superficial middle cerebral vein (cut)
Cavernous sinus
Basilar venous plexus
Superior petrosal sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Tentorial artery
Tentorium cerebelli
Inferior cerebral vein (cut)
Transverse sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus (cut)
Straight sinus
Falx cerebri (cut)
Confluence of sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus (cut)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Optic nerve (II)
Internal carotid artery (cavernous segment)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Sphenoparietal sinus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Trigeminal ganglion (gasserian)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Middle meningeal artery
Abducent nerve (VI)
Petrosal vein
Facial nerve (VII), intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg), and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves
Jugular foramen
Sigmoid sinus (continuation of transverse sinus)
Transverse sinus
Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Coronal section through cavernous sinus: posterior view
Cavernous sinus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Optic chiasm
Posterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery (cavernous segment)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Sphenoidal sinus
Nasopharynx
Cerebrum: Lateral Views
Frontal pole
Opercular part of Inferior frontal gyrus
Triangular part of Inferior frontal gyrus
Orbital part of Inferior frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Middle frontal gyrus
Superior frontal sulcus
Precentral sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus (of Rolando)
Postcentral gyrus
Poste central sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus of Inferior parietal lobule
Angular gyrus of Inferior parietal lobule
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital pole
Calcarine sulcus
Lunate sulcus (inconstant)
Transverse occipital sulcus
Preoccipital notch
Inferior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Temporal pole
Anterior ramus of Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Ascending ramus of Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Posterior ramus of Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal operculum
Frontal operculum
Orbital operculum
Temporal operculum
Short gyri of Insula (island of Reil)
Central sulcus of Insula (island of Reil)
Limen of Insula (island of Reil)
Long gyrus of Insula (island of Reil)
Circular sulcus of Insula (island of Reil)
Cerebrum: Medial Views
Sagittal section of brain in situ
Cingulate gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Medial frontal gyrus
Sulcus of corpus callosum
Fornix
Septum pellucidum
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus and 3rd ventricle
Subcallosal (parolfactory) area
Anterior commissure
Subcallosal gyrus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Lamina terminalis
Supra-optic recess
Optic chiasm
Tuber cinereum
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Mammillary body
Cerebral peduncle
Pons
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Medulla oblongata
Inferior medullary velum
4th ventricle and choroid plexus
Superior medullary velum
Cerebellum
Tectal (quadrigeminal) plate
Inferior colliculus
Superior colliculus
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Straight sinus in tentorium cerebelli
Calcarine sulcus
Posterior commissure
Pineal body
Habenular commissure
Cuneus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Stria medullaris of thalamus
Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Superior sagittal sinus
Precuneus
Corpus callosum
Marginal sulcus
Paracentral lobule
Central sulcus (of Rolando)
Paracentral sulcus
Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere: brainstem excised
Cingulate gyrus
Mammillothalamic fasciculus
Mammillary body
Uncus
Optic nerve (II)
Olfactory tract
Collateral sulcus
Rhinal sulcus
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Dentate gyrus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Crus of fornix
Body of fornix
Column of fornix
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
Genu of corpus callosum
Rostrum of corpus callosum
Trunk of corpus callosum
Splenium of corpus callosum
Cerebrum: Inferior View
Sectioned brainstem
Frontal pole of cerebrum
Straight gyrus
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulci
Orbital gyri
Temporal pole of cerebrum
Lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)
Inferior temporal sulcus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Inferior (infero-lateral) margin of cerebrum
Rhinal sulcus
Uncus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Lateral occipito-temporal gyrus
Collateral sulcus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Apex of cuneus
Splenium of corpus callosum
Cerebral aqueduct
Superior colliculus (of corpora quadrigemina)
Pulvinar of thalamus
Red nucleus
Medial geniculate body
Substantia nigra
Lateral geniculate body
Cerebral crus
Posterior perforated substance (in interpeduncular fossa)
Mammillary body
Tuber cinereum
Optic tract
Anterior perforated substance
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Optic nerve (II) (cut)
Optic chiasm
Olfactory tract
Olfactory bulb
Lamina terminalis
Genu of corpus callosum
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Ventricles of Brain
Left lateral phantom view
Right lateral ventricle
Left interventricular foramen (of Monro)
3rd ventricle
Supra-optic recess
Interthalamic adhesion
Infundibular recess
Pineal recess
Suprapineal recess
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
4th ventricle
Left lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka)
Left lateral recess
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
Central canal of spinal cord
Coronal section of brain: posterior view
Corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Lateral ventricle
Body of caudate nucleus
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
Superior thalamostriate vein
Body of fornix
Internal cerebral vein
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle
Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Thalamus
Putamen of Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus of Lentiform nucleus
Internal capsule
3rd ventricle and interthalamic adhesion
Hypothalamus
Tail of caudate nucleus
Optic tract
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Fimbria of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Mammillary body
Parahippocampal gyrus
Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle (phantom)
Bridging veins
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Cistern of corpus callosum
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Chiasmatic cistern
Choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Interpeduncular cistern
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Prepontine cistern
Lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka)
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Central canal of spinal cord
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
(Posterior) cerebellomedullary cistern
Quadrigeminal cistern (with great cerebral vein) (of Galen)
Straight sinus
Occipital (posterior) horn
Arachnoid granulations
Subarachnoid space
Superior sagittal sinus
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Horizontal sections through cerebrum
Genu of corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Column of fornix
Insula (island of Reil)
Interthalamic adhesion
Thalamus
Crus of fornix
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Splenium of corpus callosum
Head of caudate nucleus
Anterior limb of internal capsule
Genu of internal capsule
Posterior limb of internal capsule
Extreme capsule
Putamen of Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus of Lentiform nucleus
3rd ventricle
External capsule
Claustrum
Retrolenticular part of internal capsule
Tail of caudate nucleus
Hippocampus and fimbria
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Habenula
Pineal body
Organization of basal nuclei (ganglia)
Caudate nucleus Striatum Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Putamen Striatum Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Putamen Lentiform nucleus Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Globus pallidus Lentiform nucleus Corpus striatum of Basal nuclei (ganglia)
Interrelationship of thalamus, lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, and amygdaloid body (schema): left lateral view
Cleft for internal capsule
Body of Caudate nucleus
Head of Caudate nucleus
Thalamus
Lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus medial to putamen)
Amygdaloid body
Pulvinar
Medial geniculate body
Lateral geniculate body
Tail of caudate nucleus
Thalamus
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle (cut edge)
3rd ventricle
Choroid plexus
Superior thalamostriate vein
Pes hippocampi
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Internal cerebral vein
Dentate gyrus
Collateral eminence
Hippocampus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Posterior commissure
Habenular commissure
Pineal body
Collateral trigone
Calcar avis
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Calcarine sulcus
Corpus callosum (cut)
Head of caudate nucleus
Septum pellucidum
Columns of fornix
Anterior tubercle
Stria terminalis
Interthalamic adhesion
Lamina affixa
Stria medullaris
Habenular trigone
Pulvinar (retracted)
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
Brachium of superior colliculus
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Cerebellum
Schematic section through thalamus (at level of broken line shown in figure at right)
Median nuclei
External medullary lamina
Reticular nucleus
Intralaminar
Pulvinar
Internal medullary lamina
Thalamic nuclei
Centromedian
Lateral dorsal
Lateral posterior
Medial
Medial dorsal
Ventral anterior
Ventral intermedial
Ventral lateral
Ventral posterior
Ventral posterolateral
Ventral posteromedial
Schematic representation of thalamus
3rd ventricle
Interthalamic adhesion
3rd ventricle
Pulvinar
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
Median
Medial
Internal lamina medullary
Lamina
Anterior
Hippocampus and Fornix
Superior dissection
Genu of corpus callosum (cut)
Septum pellucidum
Head of caudate nucleus
Columns of fornix
Stria terminalis
Body of fornix
Pes hippocampus
Thalami
Crus of fornix
Dentate gyrus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Commissure of fornix
Splenium of corpus callosum (cut)
Lateral ventricle
Calcar avis
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Fornix: schema
Amygdaloid bodies
Mammillary bodies
Columns of fornix
Body of fornix
Commissure of fornix
Crus of fornix
Fimbria of hippocampus
Hippocampus
Coronal section: posterior view
Tail of caudate nucleus
Choroid plexus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Optic tract
Hippocampal sulcus
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus
Alveus of hippocampus
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Cerebellum
Superior surface
Anterior cerebellar notch
Central lobule (II & III) of Superior vermis
Culmen (IV & V) of Superior vermis
Declive (VI) of Superior vermis
Folium (VII A) of Superior vermis
Posterior cerebellar notch
Anterior lobe
Quadrangular lobule (H IV-V)
Primary fissure
Horizontal fissure
Simple lobule (H VI)
Posterior lobe
Postlunate fissure
Superior semilunar (anseriform) lobule (H VII A)
Horizontal fissure
Inferior semilunar (caudal) lobule (H VII B)
Inferior surface
Central lobule of Superior vermis
Lingula of Superior vermis
Superior medullary velum
Flocculus (H X)
4th ventricle
Inferior medullary velum
Nodule (X) of Inferior vermis
Uvula (IX) of Inferior vermis
Pyramid (VIII)
Tuber (VII B) of Inferior vermis
Posterior cerebellar notch
Anterior lobe
Wing of central lobule
Superior of Cerebellar peduncles
Middle of Cerebellar peduncles
Inferior of Cerebellar peduncles
Flocculonodular lobe
Posterolateral (dorsolateral) fissure
Retrotonsillar fissure
Posterior lobe
Tonsil
Biventer lobule (H VIII)
Secondary (post-pyramidal) fissure
Horizontal fissure
Inferior semilunar (caudal) obule (H VII B)
Section in plane of superior cerebellar peduncle
Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles
4th ventricle
Superior medullary velum
Fastigial of Cerebellar nuclei
Globose of Cerebellar nuclei
Dentate of Cerebellar nuclei
Emboliform
Cerebral crus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Nuclear layer of medulla oblongata
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Lingula (I)
Vermis
Brainstem
Posterolateral view
Pulvinars of thalami
Pineal body
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior medullary velum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Rhomboid fossa of 4th ventricle
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves
Cuneate tubercle
Gracile tubercle
Dorsal roots of 1st spinal nerve (C1)
Cuneate fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus
Thalamus (cut surface)
Lateral geniculate body
Optic tract
Medial geniculate body
Brachia of superior and inferior colliculi
Cerebral crus
Pons
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Facial nerve (VII)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Anterior view
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Tuber cinereum
Cerebral crus
Lateral geniculate body
Posterior perforated substance
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Olive
Pyramids
Ventral roots of 1st spinal nerve (C1)
Decussation of pyramids
Olfactory tract
Anterior perforated substance
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
Mammillary bodies
Temporal lobe (cut surface)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Trigeminal nerve (V) (sensory root)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Facial nerve (VII) and intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Flocculus of cerebellum
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Fourth Ventricle and Cerebellum
Posterior view
3rd ventricle
Pulvinar of thalamus
Pineal body
Superior colliculus
Inferior colliculus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Superior medullary velum
Superior of Cerebellar peduncles
Middle of Cerebellar peduncles
Inferior of Cerebellar peduncles
Lateral recess
Superior fovea
Sulcus limitans
Inferior fovea
Trigeminal tubercle
Hypoglossal trigone
Vagal trigone
Obex
Habenular trigone
Medial of Geniculate bodies
Lateral of Geniculate bodies
Dorsal median sulcus
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Locus caeruleus
Medial eminence
Facial colliculus
Vestibular area
Dentate nucleus of cerebellum
Striae medullares
Taenia of 4th ventricle
Cuneate tubercle
Gracile tubercle
Dorsal median sulcus
Lateral funiculus
Cuneate fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus
Median sagittal section
Body of fornix
Thalamus (in 3rd ventricle)
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Anterior commissure
Lamina terminalis
Hypothalamic sulcus
Cerebral peduncle
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Superior colliculus
Tectal (quadrigeminal) plate
Inferior colliculus
Pons
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
4th ventricle
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Medulla oblongata
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
Decussation of pyramids
Central canal of spinal cord
Choroid plexus
Interthalamic adhesion
Posterior commissure
Pineal body
Splenium of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Lingula (I) of Vermis of cerebellum
Central lobule (II-III) of Vermis of cerebellum
Culmen (IV-V) of Vermis of cerebellum
Declive (VI) of Vermis of cerebellum
Folium (VII A) of Vermis cerebellum
Superior medullary velum
Inferior medullary velum
Tuber (VII B) of Vermis cerebellum
Pyramid (VIII) of Vermis of cerebellum
Uvula (IX) of Vermis of cerebellum
Nodulus (X) of Vermis of cerebellum
Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
Tonsil of cerebellum
Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema
Posterior phantom view
Superior colliculus
Lateral geniculate body
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V) and ganglion (gasserian)
Facial nerve (VII) and geniculate ganglion
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Anterior of Cochlear nuclei
Posterior of Cochlear nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Solitary tract nucleus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Red nucleus
Oculomotor nucleus
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V) and ganglion
Abducent nucleus
Facial nucleus
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei
Glosso-pharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (X)
Hypoglossal nucleus
Accessory nucleus
Cranial Nerve Nuclei in Brainstem: Schema (continued)
Medial dissection
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (V) and ganglion (gasserian)
Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Abducent nerve (VI)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Inferior olivary complex
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus
Oculomotor nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Cerebral aqueduct
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducent nucleus
Internal genu of facial nerve
Facial nucleus
Vestibular nuclei
Anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei
Superior and inferior salivatory nuclei
Solitary tract nucleus
Posterior (dorsal) nucleus of vagus nerve (X)
Median aperture (foramen of Magendie)
Hypoglossal nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Accessory nucleus
Central canal
Cranial Nerve (Motor and Sensory Distribution): Schema
Motor-muscles of mastication: tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
Intermediate nerve
Motor-submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal glands
Taste-anterior 2/3 of tongue, sensory soft palate
I Olfactory
Nasal cavity
II Optic
Eye
III Oculomotor
Ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and all external eye muscles except those below
IV Trochlear
Superior oblique muscle
V Trigeminal
Sensory-face, sinuses, teeth, orbit and oral cavities, dura mater
VI Abducent
Lateral rectus muscle
VII Facial
Muscles of face, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, occipitalis, auricularis muscles
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Cochlear
Vestibular
IX Glossopharyngeal
Taste-posterior 1/3 of tongue
Sensory-tonsil, pharynx, middle ear
Motor-stylopharyngeus, parotid gland
X Vagus
Motor-heart, lungs, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, GI tract
Sensory-heart, lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
XI Accessory
Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles
XII Hypoglossal
Tongue muscles
Strap muscles (C1, 2, 3 fibers)
Olfactory Nerve (I): Schema
Olfactory bulb cells: schema
Efferent fibers to olfactory bulb
Afferent fibers from bulb to central connections and contralateral bulb
Granule cell (excited by and inhibiting to mitral and tufted cells)
Mitral cell
Recurrent process
Tufted cell
Periglomerular cell
Glomerulus
Olfactory nerve fibers
Subcallosal (parolfactory) area
Septal area and nuclei
Fibers from Contralateral olfactory bulb
Fibers to Contralateral olfactory bulb
Anterior commissure
Medial olfactory stria
Olfactory cells
Olfactory mucosa
Olfactory nerves (I)
Olfactory bulb
Cribriform plate of ethmoidal bone
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Olfactory tract
Olfactory trigone and olfactory tubercle
Lateral olfactory stria
Lateral olfactory tract nucleus
Anterior perforated substance
Amygdaloid body (phantom)
Piriform lobe
Dura mater
Uncus
Hippocampal fimbria
Dentate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Optic nerve (II) (Visual Pathway): Schema
Structure of retina: schema
Periphery of Choroid
Amacrine cells
Bipolar cells
Cones
Ganglion cells
Horizontal cells
Pigment cells
rods
Macula of Choroid
Amacrine cells
Bipolar cells
Cones
Ganglion cells
Horizontal cells
Pigment cells
Overlapping visual fields
Central darker circle represents macular zone
Lighter shades represent monocular fields
Each quadrant a different color
Optic nerves (II)
Optic chiasm
Projection on left retina
Projection on right retina
Projection on left dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Projection on right dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Optic tracts
lateral geniculate bodies
Left optic radiation
Right optic radiation
Calcarine sulcus
Projection on left occipital lobe
Calcarine sulcus
Projection on right occipital lobe
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducent (VI) Nerves: Schema
Superior rectus muscle
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Superior oblique muscle
anterior ethmoidal nerve
Short ciliary nerves
Long ciliary nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
Superior division of oculomotor nerve
Frontal nerve (cut)
Lacrimal nerve (cut)
Nasociliary nerve
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger-Westphal) nucleus (parasympathetic)
Oculomotor nucleus
Trochlear nucleus
Abducent nucleus
Sphincter pupillae muscle
Dilator pupillae muscle
Ciliary muscle
Inferior oblique muscle
Zygomatic nerve (cut)
Infra-orbital nerve
Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
Inferior rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Inferior division of oculomotor nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Common tendinous ring (of Zinn)
Cavernous plexus
Lateral rectus muscle and abducent nerve (turned back)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus
mandibular nerve (V2)
Abducent Nerve (VI)
Trigeminal Nerve (V): Schema
Trigeminal nerve (V) ganglion and nuclei
Motor nucleus
Mesencephalic nucleus
Principal sensory nucleus
Spinal tract and nucleus
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Tentorial (meningeal) branch
Nasociliary nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Sensory root of ciliary ganglion
Frontal nerve Ciliary ganglion
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Long ciliary nerve
Short ciliary nerves
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Supra-orbital nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Infratrochlear nerve
Internal nasal branches
External nasal branches of anterior ethmoidal nerve
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Meningeal branch
Zygomaticotemporal nerve branch
Zygomaticofacial nerve branch
Zygomatic nerve
Infra-orbital nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Superior alveolar branches of infra-orbital nerve
Nasal branches (posterior superior lateral, nasopalatine, and posterior superior medial)
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal (from facial nerve [VII] and carotid plexus)
Pharyngeal branch
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Deep temporal nerves (to temporalis muscle)
Lateral pterygoid and masseteric nerves
Tensor veli palatini and medial pterygoid nerves
Buccal nerve
Mental nerve
Inferior dental plexus
Lingual nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Nerve to mylohyoid
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Inferior alveolar nerve
Otic ganglion
Tensor tympani nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve (from glossopharyngeal nerve [IX])
Meningeal branch
Parotid branches
Auriculotemporal nerve
Articular branch and anterior auricular nerves
Superficial temporal branches
Chorda tympani nerve
Facial Nerve (VII): Schema
Facial nerve (VII)
Geniculate ganglion
Internal carotid plexus (on internal carotid artery)
Internal acoustic meatus
Intermediate nerve
Motor nucleus of facial nerve
Superior salivatory nucleus
Solitary tract nucleus
Greater petrosal nerve from intermediate nerve
Deep petrosal nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Lesser petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Optic ganglion
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Facial muscles
Frontal belly (frontalis) of occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Corrugator supercilii
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Procerus
Levator labii superioris
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Levator anguli oris
Nasalis
Depressor septi nasi
Orbicularis oris
Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris
Mentalis
(Risorius)(not shown)
Buccinator
Platysma
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Submandibular ganglion
Lingual nerve (from trigeminal nerve)
Chorda tympani nerve from intermediate nerve
Caroticotympanic nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Stylohyoid muscle
Digastric muscle (poster belly)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Tympanic nerve (of Jacobson)(from glossopharyngeal nerve)
Tympanic plexus
Stylomastoid foramen
Nerve to stapedius muscle
Posterior auricular nerve
Branches to auricular muscles
Occipital branch of posterior auricular nerve
Occipital belly (occipitalis) of occipitofrontalis muscle
Temporal branches
Taste: anterior 2/3 of tongue
Zygomatic branches
Buccal branches
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII): Schema plate
Incus
Head of malleus
Chorda tympani nerve from intermediate nerve
Tympanic cavity
Facial canal
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Greater petrosal nerve from intermediate nerve
Cochlear (spiral) ganglion
Vestibular nerve
Cochlear nerve
Motor root of facial nerve and intermediate nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Medulla oblongata (cross section)
Medial of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Superior of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Inferior of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Lateral of Vestibular nuclei (diagrammatic)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle (to cerebellum)
Anterior of Cochlear nuclei
Posterior of Cochlear nuclei
Internal acoustic meatus
Vestibular ganglion
Inferior division of vestibular nerve
Superior division of vestibular nerve
Saccule
Ampulla of posterior semicircular duct
Utricle
Ampulla of superior semicircular duct
Ampulla of lateral semicircular duct
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Schema
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Solitary tract nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Tympanic nerve (of Jacobson)
Tympanic cavity and plexus
Stylomastoid foramen
Caroticotympanic nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Lesser petrosal nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Otic ganglion
Auriculotemporal nerve
Parotid gland
Tubal branch of tympanic plexus
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube and pharyngeal opening
Stylopharyngeus muscle (and branch from glossopharyngeal nerve)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Jugular foramen
Communication to auricular branch of vagus nerve
Superior ganglia
Inferior ganglia
Communication to facial nerve (VII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
Carotid sinus branch (of Hering)
Internal carotid artery
Carotid sinus
Carotid body
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
Pharyngeal, tonsillar, and lingual branches
Pharyngeal plexus
Taste and somatic sensation: posterior 1/3 of tongue
Vagus Nerve (X): Schema
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Meningeal branch of vagus nerve
Auricular branch of vagus nerve
Pharyngotympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
Levator veli palatini muscle
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Cricothyroid muscle
Trachea
Esophagus
Right subclavian artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Heart
Hepatic branch of anterior vagal trunk (in lesser omentum)
Celiac branches from anterior and posterior vagal trunks to celiac plexus
Celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia and celiac plexus
Hepatic plexus
Gallbladder and bile ducts
Liver
Pyloric branch from hepatic plexus
Pancreas
Duodenum
Ascending colon
Cecum
Appendix
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (parasympathetic and visceral afferent)
Solitary tract nucleus (visceral afferents including taste)
Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (somatic afferent)
Nucleus ambiguus (motor to pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles)
Cranial root
Vagus nerve (X)
Jugular foramen
Superior ganglion of vagus nerve
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve (motor to muscles of palate and pharynx; sensory to lower pharynx)
Communicating branch of vagus nerve to carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
Pharyngeal plexus
Superior laryngeal nerve:
Internal branch (sensory and parasympathetic)
External branch (motor to cricothyroid muscle)
Superior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Inferior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Thoracic cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (motor to muscles of larynx except cricothyroid; sensory and parasympathetic to larynx below vocal folds; parasympathetic, efferent, and afferent to upper esophagus and trachea)
Pulmonary plexus
Cardiac plexus
Esophageal plexus
Anterior vagal trunk
Gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk (branches from posterior trunk behind stomach)
Vagal fibers (parasympathetic motor, secretomotor, and afferent fibers) accompany superior mesenteric artery and its branches usually as far as left colic (splenic) flexure
Small intestine
Accessory Nerve (XI): Schema
Nucleus ambiguus
Vagus nerve (X)
Cranial root of accessory nerve
Spinal root of accessory nerve
Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Superior ganglion of vagus nerve
Accessory nerve (XI)
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
C1 spinal nerve
C2 spinal nerve
Accessory nerve (to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
C3 spinal nerve
C4 spinal nerve
Trapezius muscle
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII): Schema
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)(in hypoglossal canal)
Superior longitudinal of Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Transverse and vertical of Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Inferior longitudinal of Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Styloglossus muscle
Meningeal branch
Hypoglossal nucleus
Occipital condyle
Dorsal root ganglion
Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
Ventral rami of C1, 2, 3 form ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Superior root of ansa cervicalis
Internal carotid artery
Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
Ansa cervicalis
Middle cervical ganglion
Internal jugular vein
Common carotid artery
Genioglossus muscle
Geniohyoid muscle (via C1)
Hyoglossus muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle (Via C1)
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Sternohyoid muscle
Sternothyroid muscle
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Cervical Plexus: Schema
Geniohyoid muscle
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Great auricular nerve Lesser Occipital nerve Greater occipital nerve (from dorsal ramus of C2)
Nerve to thyrohyoid
Thyrohyoid muscle
Superior root of ansa cervicalis
Inferior root of ansa cervicalis
Transverse cervical nerve
Omohyoid muscle (superior belly)
Sternothyroid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Ansa cervicalis
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)
Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
Supraclavicular nerves (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
Phrenic nerve
Communication brachial plexus
Nerves to longus capitis and colli, levator scapulae, and middle scalene muscles
Trapezius muscle
Nerves to longus capitis and colli and levator scapulae muscles
Nerves to anterior and lateral rectus capitis and longus capitis and colli muscles
Autonomic Nerves in Neck
Internal carotid nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Jugular nerve
Laryngopharyngeal sympathetic branch
Vagus nerve (X)(cut)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Gray rami communicantes
Subclavian artery
Gray and white rami communicantes
Pharyngeal plexus
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
External carotid artery and plexus
Superior laryngeal nerve
Internal carotid artery and carotid branch (of Hering) of glossopharyngeal nerve
Carotid body
Carotid sinus
Superior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Phrenic nerve (cut)
Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
Common carotid artery and plexus
Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion
Common carotid artery and plexus
Middle cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Vertebral ganglion
Vertebral artery and plexus
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
Ansa subclavia
Vagus nerve (X) (cut)
Inferior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Thoracic sympathetic and vagal cardiac nerves
Autonomic Nerves in Head
Sensory root of Trigeminal nerve (V)
Motor root of Trigeminal nerve (V)
Ganglion of Trigeminal nerve (V)
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Frontal and lacrimal nerves (cut)
Nasociliary nerve
Sensory Roots of ciliary ganglion
Sympathetic Roots of ciliary ganglion
Parasympathetic Roots of ciliary ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary nerve
Short ciliary nerves
Posterior, superior, and inferior lateral nasal nerves
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Greater and lesser palatine nerves
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Submandibular ganglion
Middle meningeal artery and plexus
Facial artery and plexus
Pharyngeal plexus
Maxillary artery and plexus
External carotid artery and plexus
Common carotid artery and plexus
Superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve
Superior cervical cardiac branch of vagus nerve
Cervical sympathetic trunk
Carotid sinus
Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
Internal carotid artery and plexus
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Superior laryngeal nerve (cut)
Pharyngeal branch of vagus (X)
Chorda tympani nerve
Internal carotid nerve
Otic ganglion
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Vagus nerve (X)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg)
Facial nerve (VII)
Geniculum (geniculate ganglion) of facial nerve
Internal carotid artery and plexus
Ciliary Ganglion: Schema
Sphincter pupillae muscle
Dilator pupillae muscle
Ciliary muscle
Short ciliary nerves
Ciliary ganglion
Oculomotor (parasympathetic) root of ciliary ganglion
Accessory oculomotor (Edinger - Westphal) nucleus (parasympathetic
Superior colliculus
Lateral geniculate body
Optic nerve (II)
Nasociliary nerve
Long ciliary nerve
Nasociliary (sensory) root of ciliary ganglion
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
Ophthalmic artery
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Trigeminal ganglion
Internal carotid plexus
Internal carotid artery
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
1st thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglion
Gray ramus communicans
White ramus communicans
T1 spinal nerve
Dorsal root ganglion
Tympanic plexus
Tectospinal tract
Thoracic part of spinal cord
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter
Pterygopalatine and Submandibular Ganglia: Schema
Superior salivatory nucleus
Facial nerve (VII)(intermediate nerve)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Chorda tympani nerve
Greater petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve
Trigeminal ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Otic ganglion
Lingual nerve
Maxillary nerve
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Lacrimal gland
Descending palatine nerves
Posterior nasal nerves
Pharyngeal nerve
Maxillary artery
Internal carotid nerve
Greater Palatine nerves
Lesser Palatine nerves
Submandibular ganglion
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Facial artery
Lingual artery
External carotid artery and plexus
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
White Rami communicantes
Gray Rami communicantes
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
T1 and T2 spinal nerves
Thoracic spinal cord
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter
Otic Ganglion: Schema
Pons
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Facial nerve (VII)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Chorda tympani nerve
Lesser petrosal nerve
Trigeminal ganglion
Mandibular nerve (V2)
Otic ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Auriculotemporal nerve
Superficial temporal artery
Parotid gland
Maxillary artery
Inferior alveolar nerve
Lingual nerve
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Common carotid artery
Medulla oblongata
Tympanic plexus
Tympanic nerve (of Jacobson)
Inferior ganglion (IX)
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
Sympathetic trunk
T1 and T2 spinal nerves
Thoracic spinal cord
Dorsal root
Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral horn) of gray matter
Ventral root
White Rami communicantes
Gray Rami communicantes
Taste Pathways: Schema
Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus of thalamus
Sensory cortex (just inferior to face area)
Lateral hypothalamic area
Amygdaloid body
Pontine taste area
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve (V2)
Mandibular nerve (V3)
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Nerve (vidian) of pterygoid canal
Lingual nerve
Otic ganglion
Chorda tympani nerve from intermediate nerve
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Vallate papillae
Epiglottis
Larynx
Superior laryngeal nerve
Vagus nerve (X)
Inferior (nodes) ganglion of vagus nerve
Inferior (petrosal ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve
Medulla oblongata (lower part)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Nucleus of solitary tract (rostral part)
Facial nerve (VII)
Intermediate nerve (of Wrisberg)
Geniculate ganglion
Greater petrosal nerve from intermediate nerve
Pons
Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic nucleus
Arteries to Brain and Meninges
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Left middle meningeal artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Left labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Mastoid branch of left occipital artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior meningeal branch of left ascending pharyngeal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Left and right vertebral arteries (intracranial part)
Posterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Anterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Posterior auricular artery
Occipital artery
Internal carotid artery
Carotid sinus
Carotid body
Vertebral artery (cervical part)
Transverse process of C6
Deep cervical artery
Supreme intercostal artery
Costocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Posterior communicating artery
Cavernous sinus
Middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
External carotid artery
Facial artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Superior laryngeal artery
Superior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Internal Carotid Artery in Petrous Part of Temporal Bone
Middle cerebral artery and branches
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Anterior choroidal artery
Cerebral part of internal carotid artery
Posterior communicating artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Superior hypophyseal arteries
Right optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Anterior cerebral arteries (A2 segments)
Anterior communicating artery
Medial frontobasal (medial orbitofrontal) artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior cerebral artery (A1 segment)
Ophthalmic artery
Left optic nerve
Sphenoidal sinus
Dorsal meningeal artery
Meningeal branch
Artery to inferior cavernous sinus (inferolateral trunk) and branch to superior orbital fissure
Artery of pterygoid canal
Cavernous part of internal carotid artery
Branch to foramen rotundum
Internal external carotid artery anastomosis
Branch to foramen spinosum
Branch to foramen ovale
Cervical part of internal carotid artery
Petrous parts of internal carotid artery (under bone)
Middle meningeal artery (indirect branch of external carotid artery)
Recurrent artery of foramen lacerum
Caroticotympanic artery
Meningohypophyseal trunk
Tentorial branch (of meningohypophyseal trunk)
Posterior cerebral artery (P2 segment)
Arteries to Brain: Schema
Anterior communicating artery
Ophthalmic artery
Supra-orbital artery
Supratrochlear artery
Lacrimal artery
Dorsal nasal artery
Middle meningeal artery
Angular artery
Superficial temporal artery
Posterior auricular artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Anterior spinal artery
Spinal segmental medullary branches
Vertebral artery
Common carotid artery
Deep cervical artery
Superficial cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Supreme intercostal artery
Costocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Internal thoracic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Caroticotympanic branch of internal carotid artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Middle meningeal artery
Maxillary artery
Basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Common carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Ascending cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Arch of Aorta
Descending Aorta Segment
Ascending Aorta Segment
Arteries of Brain: Inferior Views
Medial frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Internal carotid artery
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Middle cerebral artery
Lateral (frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Prefrontal artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Pontine arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Vertebral artery
Anterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) (cut)
Posterior spinal artery
Cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) (broke line)
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior communicating artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Optic tract
Posterior cerebral artery
Cerebral crus
Lateral geniculate body
Posterior medial choroidal artery
Posterior lateral choroidal artery
Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Medial geniculate body
Pulvinar of thalamus
Lateral ventricle
Cerebral Arterial Circle (of Willis)
Vessels dissected out: inferior view
Vertebral artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Pontine arteries
Basilar artery
Superior cerebellar artery
(P2 segment) of Posterior cerebral artery
(P1 segment) of Posterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Ophthalmic artery
(A1 segment) of Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
(A2 segment) of Anterior cerebral artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anteromedial central (perforating) arteries
Hypothalamic artery
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Superior hypophyseal artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Thalamotuberal (premammillary) artery
Posteromedial central (perforating) arteries
Thalamoperforating artery
Posteromedial central (paramedian) arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Vessels in situ: inferior view
Posterior cerebral artery
Efferent hypophyseal veins
Posterior communicating artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Middle cerebral artery
Superior hypophyseal artery
Internal carotid artery
Hypothalamic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Optic chiasm
Cavernous sinus
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk) and long hypophyseal portal veins
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Posteromedial central (perforating arteries
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Arteries of Brain: Frontal View and Section
Corpus callosum
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Lateral frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Prefrontal artery
Precentral (pre-rolandic) and central (rolandic) sulcal arteries
Posterior parietal artery
Branch to angular gyrus
Temporal branches (anterior, middle, and posterior)
Middle cerebral artery and branches (deep in lateral cerebral [sylvian] sulcus)
Anterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Posterior spinal artery
Paracentral artery
Medial frontal branches
Pericallosal artery
Callosomarginal artery
Polar frontal artery
Anterior cerebral arteries
Medial frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Internal carotid artery
Anterior choroidal artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Basilar and pontine arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Vertebral artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Anterior spinal artery
Corpus striatum (caudate and lentiform nuclei)
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Insula (island of Reil)
Precentral (pre-rolandic), central (rolandic) sulcal, and parietal arteries
Lateral cerebral (sylvian) sulcus
Temporal branches of middle cerebral artery
Temporal lobe
Middle cerebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Falx cerebri
Callosomarginal arteries
Pericallosal arteries (branches of anterior cerebral arteries)
Trunk of corpus callosum
Internal capsule
Septum pellucidum
Rostrum of corpus callosum
Anterior cerebral arteries
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior communicating artery
Optic chiasm
Arteries of Brain: Lateral and Medial Views
Anterior temporal branch
Superior and inferior terminal branches (trunks)
Middle temporal branch
Posterior temporal branch
Occipitotemporal branches
Terminal branches of posterior cerebral artery
Branch to angular gyrus
Posterior parietal artery
Anterior parietal (postcentral sulcal) artery
Central (rolandic) sulcal artery
Precentral (pre-rolandic) sulcal artery
Prefrontal sulcal artery
Terminal branches of anterior cerebral artery
Lateral frontobasal (orbitofrontal) artery
left middle cerebral artery
Left anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Right anterior cerebral artery
Left internal carotid artery
Polar temporal artery
Right internal carotid artery
Distal medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
Anterior communicating artery (cut)
Medial frontobasal (orbito-frontal) artery
Right anterior cerebral artery
Polar frontal artery
Callosomarginal artery
Posterior of Medial frontal branches
Intermediate of Medial frontal branches
Anterior of Medial frontal branches
Pericallosal artery
Paracentral artery
Cingular branches
Right posterior cerebral artery
Precuneal artery
Dorsal branch to corpus callosum
Parieto-occipital branch
Calcarine branch
Medial occipital artery
Posterior temporal branch
Anterior temporal branch
Posterior communicating artery
Arteries of Posterior Cranial Fossa
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Anterior cerebral arteries
Corpus callosum
Septum
pellucidum
Heads of caudate nuclei
Anterolateral central (lenticulostriate) arteries
Crus of fornix
Anterior choroidal artery
Thalamogeniculate arteries
Lateral and medial geniculate bodies of left thalamus
Choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles
Pulvinars of left and right thalami
Splenium of corpus callosum
Occipital (posterior) horn of right lateral ventricle
Right dorsal branch to corpus callosum (posterior pericallosal artery)
Parieto-occipital of Branches of right posterior cerebral artery
Calcarine of Branches of right posterior cerebral artery
Optic nerve (II)
Ophthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Thalamoperforating arteries
Left internal carotid artery
Basilar artery
Pontine arteries
Labyrinthine (internal acoustic) artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Anterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Temporal branches of posterior cerebral artery
Anterior spinal artery
Left vertebral artery
Left posterior spinal artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Posterior meningeal branch of vertebral artery
Outline of 4th ventricle (broken line)
Cerebellar tonsillar branch of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Choroidal branch to 4th ventricle (phantom)
Inferior vermian artery (phantom)
Lateral (marginal) branch
Posterior lateral choroidal artery
Posterior medial choroidal artery to choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle
Superior vermian branch
Superior colliculi
Veins of Posterior Cranial Fossa
Superior sagittal sinus
Left transverse sinus (cut)
Confluence of sinuses
Tentorium cerebelli (cut)
Falx cerebri
Straight sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Dorsal vein of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Splenium of corpus callosum
Internal cerebral veins
Right pulvinar
Left pulvinar
Left superior and inferior colliculi
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Posterior mesencephalic vein
Medial geniculate body
Lateral mesencephalic vein
Lateral geniculate body
Left thalamus (cut surface)
Optic tract
Inferior thalamostriate veins
Deep middle cerebral vein (cut)
Anterior cerebral vein
Optic nerve (II)
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Anterior pontomesencephalic vein
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Transverse pontine vein
Petrosal vein (draining to superior petrosal sinus
Lateral pontine vein
Anteromedian medullary vein
Vein of lateral recess of 4th ventricle
Superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Anterior spinal vein
4th ventricle with choroid plexus
Posterior spinal vein
(Inferior retrotonsillar) vein of cerebellomedullary cistern
Superior retrotonsillar vein
Precentral cerebellar vein
Preculminate vein
Superior
Preculminate vein
Superior cerebellar vein (inconstant)
Intraculminate vein
Inferior cerebellar hemispheric veins
Falx cerebelli (cut) and occipital sinus
Inferior vermian vein
Superior vermian vein
Parts of cerebellum
Lingula
Central lobule
Culmen
Declive
Folium
Tuber
Pyramid
Uvula
Nodule
Tonsil
Deep Veins of Brain
Dissection: superior view
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Anterior cerebral veins and arteries
Rostrum of corpus callosum
Septum pellucidum
Anterior vein of septum pellucidum
Head of caudate nucleus
Anterior vein of caudate nucleus
Transverse veins of caudate nucleus
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Columns of fornix
Superior thalamostriate vein
Superior choroid vein and choroid plexus of lateral ventricle
Thalamus
Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle
Lateral direct vein
Posterior vein of caudate nucleus
Internal cerebral veins
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Tentorium cerebelli
Transverse sinus
Confluence of sinuses
Superior sagittal sinus
Dissection: inferior view
Anterior cerebral vein
Superficial middle cerebral vein (draining to sphenoparietal sinus)
Deep middle cerebral vein
Cerebral crus
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body
Pulvinar of thalamus
Splenium of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen
Uncal vein
Optic chiasm
Inferior cerebral veins
Inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
Subependymal Veins of Brain
Genu of corpus callosum
Anterior vein of septum pellucidum
Anterior vein of caudate nucleus
Lateral ventricle
Superior thalamostriate vein
Transverse veins of caudate nucleus
Superior choroid vein
Superior thalamic veins
Posterior veins of septum pellucidum
Lateral direct vein
Posterior terminal vein of caudate nucleus (posterior part of thalamostriate vein)
Internal cerebral veins (right and left)
Medial (atrial) vein of lateral ventricle
Lateral (atrial) vein of lateral ventricle
Splenium of corpus callosum
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Dorsal vein of corpus callosum
Inferior sagittal sinus
Internal occipital vein
Straight sinus
Occipital (posterior) horn of lateral ventricle
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
Anterior commissure
Interthalamic adhesion
Anterior cerebral vein
Optic chiasm
3rd ventricle
Deep middle cerebral vein
Inferior thalamostriate veins
Basal vein (of Rosenthal)
Temporal (inferior) horn of lateral ventricle
Posterior mesencephalic vein
Hippocampal and inferior ventricular veins
Cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
Lateral and median apertures of 4th ventricle
Superior vermian vein
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
Septum pellucidum
Thalamus
Fornix
Interthalamic adhesion
Hypothalamic sulcus
Anterior commissure
Paraventricular of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Posterior of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Dorsomedial of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Supra-optic of Principal nuclei of hypothalamus
Ventromedial Arcuate (infundibular) Mammillary body
Optic chiasm
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Mammillothalamic tract (of Vicq d'Azyr)
Cerebral aqueduct
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and other descending pathways
Lamina terminalis
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
Supra-optic hypothalamic nucleus
Supra-optico hypophyseal tract
Tuberohypophyseal tract
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
Hypothalamic sulcus
Mammillary body
Arcuate (infundibular) nucleus
Pars tuberalis of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Fibrous trabecula of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Pars intermedia of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Pars distalis of Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Cleft
Hypothalamic sulcus
Mammillary body
Arcuate (infundibular) nucleus
Median eminence of tuber cinereum of Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Infundibular stern of Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Infundibular process of Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Arteries and Veins of Hypothalamus and Hypophysis
Hypothalamic vessels
Superior hypophyseal artery
Artery of trabecula
Trabecula (fibrous tissue)
Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus
Secondary plexus of hypophyseal portal system
Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of pituitary gland)
Efferent hypophyseal veins to cavernous sinus
Primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system
Long hypophyseal portal veins
Short hypophyseal portal veins
Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus
Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe pituitary gland)
Capillary plexus of infundibular process
Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Cranial Imaging (MRV and MRA)
Bridging vein
Superior sagittal sinus
Internal cerebral vein
Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Internal jugular vein
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Basilar artery
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Cranial Imaging (MRI)
Subarachnoid space
Gray matter
Longitudinal fissure
White matter
Anterior cerebral artery
Third ventricle
Temporal lobe Red nucleus
Midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct
Quadrigeminal cistern
Cerebellum
Superior sagittal sinus
Corpus callosum
Head of caudate
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Pons
Basilar artery
Vertebral artery
Genu of corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle Fornix
Splenium of corpus callosum
Pineal gland
Tectum
Pituitary gland
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum
Pharyngeal tonsil
Posterior arch of atlas
Spinal cord
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