“When beginning something, it is integral to know how it is to end, elsewise, one may never finish, regardless if one has began or not.”
(Current Progress: Anatomy Reference Text by Frank H. Netter, M.D. and Team; Medical Dictionary; Periodic Table of Elements)
In this text series, there is to be a serial account of the human anatomy from its topmost portion (the crown) of the head to its bottom most portions (the soles) of the feet. This account is to be had from the human anatomy’s atomic structure up to its visually perceivable physiomorphic composition. The full breadth of this serial narrative is to span from atoms, elements, ions, isotopes, molecules, and cells to the developmental stages of life ranging from pregnancy to birth and beyond.
The eleven systems of the body are then to be defined within this general construction to the tune of the spectral gradient of constituents outlined above. Holist principles of serial surgical base, gradated modularity, morphological composition, and physiological narrative are to serve as the wrought pathological methodologies of this text series' holistically serial account of surgery and surgical disciplines, and these base rudimentations are to be utilized as articulations within the serial events which result from the categorized interactions of union that result from male and female intercourse.
There are six different classifications to be understood within this framework, and the sixth is one which serves as a compartmentalized combinative of the other five. In order, they span from general union to thermodynamically sustainable union, with serial union, knowledgeable union, medicinal union, and lawful union had in between.
Over the course of what is to be described, then, as a serial arrangement from atomic structure to thermodynamically sustainable union, the length of this surgical textbook series is to house all of that which would be found in the serial union of surgical holism and human anatomy. The entirety of what may be gauged from the above spans across enumerated variants, but with the progressive focus of this text series being one on surgical discipline, a complete and fully interpretable knowledge of human anatomy is to be had from its passages as a wrought philosophically fundamental approach to understanding human anatomy and the human identity in kind.
The discipline of surgery is one which falls along an organized hierarchical linearity of stepped measure which allows for a full and complete method of holistically engaging different medical techniques with a consistent pathology. From a summative base, if it is that surgical action is to be taken, the first step is knowing who was impacted in the event, what occurred during the event, when the event happened, where the event transpired, why surgery is necessary, and how it is to be given. Answering all of these questions brings one to a place where the necessary details can be extracted, and upon arriving at how, the fundamentalist philosophy serving within the doctrine of this text series comes to be one that cultivates the basic linearity of approach dubbed as serially effective along its practicable measures. As it can be articulated, the fundamental sequence of actionable surgery initiates along the axes of defining the condition and then determining the action to be taken.
First in this ordered sequential method is keeping time. This is done with a technique that has different names like star charting, sky mapping, and wayfinding, and in its disciplined practice, the sky is tracked at a particular region at a consistent and/or determinable geographical point of observation until it is that the exact same pattern appears at the exact same point of land where the serially discernable sky pattern was previously observed. The more accurate and consistent the drafted depiction of the sky is, in correlation with the triangulable measure of the geography where the region is tracked, the more effective it will be in determining cyclical temporality. Step by step, as it can be furthered, one would pick a plot of land, and from that plot, they would draw out a specific region of the sky. This would be done consistently as the region changes until the exact same region of sky appears from the exact same plot of land where the observation is being done. With this technique, the relativity of time finds a means of holistic gauge wherein, by principled order, the linearity of a spatially defined construct finds a means of interpretable and articulable form. With space being the initial point of analysis, time then follows as the natural subsequentiality. Once a cycle of time has been determined, triangulating the different temporal elements of the medical condition comes to be a relatively wrought spatial endeavor by way of gauging ‘where’, within the applicable regions of anatomy, the surgical event took place. The first five chapters within this text expound upon this spatial serialism further by defining the constituents that compose body matter up to a cellular level. Depending on the ordered level at which the anatomically surgical condition resides, the means of defining and engaging the event temporally coincides by way of what was previously defined as star charting, sky mapping, wayfinding, et cetera. Summatively written, when the condition is recognized, the level at which it can be engaged is one that varies according to temporal measure. The cyclically holistic implication of this determinant, however, places a unique lens of inspection over the different tempospatial constraints that would be seeded in this interaction. The greater the specificity and capacitative gauge of temporal measure, the more minute, and even more so serial, the level of surgical interaction can be. Suppositionally, one cycle would be gauged, at which point the event would be traced, and within that same primary surgical cyclicality, other temporal cyclicalities would be extracted with continued star charting. This would be done so as to properly examine the whole of the body’s tempospatial anatomy wherein the timed conditions of different physiomorphic structures would fall in step with what is needing to be surgically engaged within the body’s architectural form.
The knowledge which follows after forms as a serial account of what both male and female anatomy consist of wherein the consistently definable modularity would pose a framework for standardized uniformity in the surgical discipline described above. Fundamentality is the key in the philosophies which hold to the aforewritten methodology, and in their formulant basis, as a means of doctoral technique, the patterned action of surgery comes to be reflective of the above described philosophical fundamentalisms.
(As a note to keep in mind while reading: Blood is able to be universally conducted with analog instrumentation when the relevant humanity is provisioned with either sugar or what would be gifted in its place, and light [or fire] is able to be universally conducted with analog instrumentation when the human identity affected is provisioned with either sugar or what would be gifted in its place. - "Blood goes to all, and light goes to one.")
Atoms
Atoms are found within the body as spatial constituents which are composed of three particulates. Those particulates are dubbed as the proton, the neutron, and the electron of the atom. By theory, they define different arrangements of matter and energy by way of charge. This charge is determined by thermodynamic principles which are situated as natural derivatives of atomic architecture and general spatial existence. The proton has a positive charge. The neutron has a neutral charge, and the electron has a negative charge. Each of these atomic constituents then serve as variant combinatives to different atomic arrangements.
Within the arrangement of a standard atom, there is a nucleus and an electron cloud that is composed of shells which define the track of electrons that move about the atmosphere of the nucleus. The outermost shell is called the valence, and situated below it are the sub-axial geometries which compose any other electron shells. The cloud and its constituent shells are the only place where electrons are found, and the nucleus is the only place where protons and neutrons are found. This is the formula for matter at its most base. The potentiality for smaller constituents, when considering this atomic arrangement, comes from the unique thermodynamic nuances which blossom from individuated occurrences of hot and cold flux that result in potential interpretations of greater individuation. Written plainly, the degree to which hot and cold impacts the finity of atomic denotation is one which spans into an infinite complex due to the propensity to measure hot and cold at increasingly microscopic degrees of measure. Given that the atom, itself, serves by way of standard measure, due to the temperature ranges at which it can be found, defined, engaged, and geometrically scaped.
The activity of an atom, in this light, varies, but in keeping to pace of how hot and cold define its structural integrity, the central focus of energy activity comes in the form of general atomic movement - which spans as the atom’s interaction with its environment. The energy which is facilitated, absorbed, and released during the movement of electrons along their respective shells, and within the overarching electron cloud where they are geometrically positioned, is conducted along general dimensions. The facilitation is done via the balance maintained between the positively charged protons in the nucleus and the aforewritten negatively charged electrons of the shell based cloud. The absorption is done when electrons move from a low energy shell to a higher one, and the release is done when the electron moves from a high energy state to a lower one. When moving from a low state to a high state, energy is needed to increase activity, so it is absorbed. When moving from a high state to a low state, energy is released and sent out because the activity has decreased. The different provisional positions of static, increase, and decrease, then, come to serve as connecting fundamental elements of atomic activity within the thermodynamics of anatomy.
Elements
.png)
Elements are the termed construction for standardized atom arrangements. The element seen above is one that translates as hydrogen. A hydrogen atom has one proton, one nucleus, and one electron in its electron cloud. Different elements are categorized by different atomic configurations, and as a base template of measure, one determines the element by the configuration of its atomic structure.
The above example holds to its aforewritten description by way of the different segments of its frame. The ‘1’ numeral in the upper left hand corner represents what is called the atomic number. It is paired with the element’s symbol ‘H’ in the upper right hand corner. The number along the bottom median portion of the square is the atomic mass, and the name of the element in Spanish reads directly across the middle. All of the elements categorically defined within standard scientific notation are listed like the square seen above this passage, and each of those elements possesses unique characteristics, measures, symbols, et cetera.
Within the respective matrices of principled structural arrangement, also, there is a means by which to discern the fundamental composition of the atom that defines the element's architecture. It goes along the lines of seeing the atomic number - again viewed in the upper left hand corner of the element square - as the count for how many protons are found present in the elements atomic arrangement. If the atomic number is one, as is depicted in the example element square, then the amount of electrons present in the atom is one as well. The atomic mass then follows along as being the indicator of the elements weight by measure of AMUs, or atomic mass units. With the atomic mass reading seen below, it squares as correct, because the one proton found at the center of the nucleus (where the one other neutron would usually be located) amounts to the mass seen at the bottom. This is due to electrons not having any immediately implicate mass within the AMUs used to define the mass of the element. Electrons are not as heavy as protons, so much so that their measure is not indicated by the atomic mass of the element, unless it is being seen as the counter gauge for the proton count. The element hydrogen is unique because it does not have a neutron. This can be discerned from the AMU count being 1.0079 and the atomic number being 1. The protons present in the atom measure out to one proton, and the AMU count indicates that, that is the only subatomic particle located at the atom’s center. The naturally assumed electron contributes nothing to the recorded mass, so it operates as a suppositional satellite to the isolatudinous proton positioned at the atom’s center.
With the definition of anatomical composition spanning across atom anatomy and element classification, the individuate constituents of general anatomy find a means of serial articulation wherein their surgical implication covers the scope of what would be gauged among, within, and along the whole of what is found as composite matter and analogous energy measure in the human body.
Ions - He-, H+
Atoms that are left to what one would have for standard configuration are, as a reiterate, composed of a balanced assortment of particles that leave the atom at no greater or lesser charge of electrical activity due to the aforewritten balance of subatomic configuration. Ions are atoms that are charged elsewise, and given the duality of electrical charge, atoms can either be positively or negatively charged. Cations are the name used for positively charged ions, and anions are the name used for negatively charged ions. For an atom to be positively charged would mean that the electron count within its cloud is lower than the proton count within the nucleus, and for an atom to be negatively charged would mean that there are more electrons in its cloud than protons within the nucleus. Electrons are the only subatomic particle that move in and out of an atom’s atmosphere in a typical ‘healthy’ atom, so when there is a difference in charge, it is ascribed solely and directly to the electron activity being conducted within different shells as well as the overarching cloud within which they reside. Seen below are two examples of atoms that are in an ionic state. The atom on the left is helium, and the atom on the right is hydrogen. Helium is the anion, and hydrogen is the cation.
.png)
.png)
In this dynamic it is of note to consider the idea of something being added to create a deficit. When an electron is added into the electron cloud, the charge of the atom, if sufficiently imbalanced, becomes negative. Both giving something and receiving more, in this particular case, creates a negative.
The case of the hydrogen cation (preceding this passage) is also an interesting visual of note, given that there are no electrons present at all. The sole proton serving as the nucleus is the only charge present within the hydrogen atom’s anatomy, so it takes on the positive charge and becomes a cation. In the same way that something is given to create a negative, the hydrogen cation described above has something taken away to become positive. This narrative within anatomy serves as a means of articulating the variant thermodynamic exchanges seen within atomic conduction. As hot and cold are introduced at different points of time and space, the matter and energy which find their compositry to be of shifting scape inevitably come to reflect the conduction carried out by thermodynamic principles save under magnetic polarity.
As an example, while the nervous system is moving the different components of its structure about their varied pathways of chemical prose, one of the strongest directions of movement comes from the suppositional ‘dance’ that the aforewritten components go about, so as to see the proper allocation of chemical processuants throughout the whole of the body’s anatomical neural structure. As certain elements move near, close, and around each other, their chemically disposed charge grants a means by which to interact with polarity in tow. Negative spaces create pulls for positive ions, or cations, and positive spaces create pulls for negative ions, or anions. The initial fundamental philosophies of this interpretable dynamic are rooted in what was described prior as the exchange between hot and cold, and these philosophies find furthered seed in the compounding delineative mechanics of magnetism, also written as simple electrical fielding, which construct the instrumentations necessitated in engaging fields of perpetual interaction. This dichotomy is rooted in hot and cold being at the seat of fielded universal interpretation, and positive and negative being present as combinative resultants from hot and cold’s communicative connection with push and pull. All of the above, of course finding ‘room’ within tempospatial contextualizations of disciplined interpretation.
Isotopes - He (Helium-4 Atom), He (Helium-6 Isotope)
.png)
.png)
Atoms that do not have the same mass that they would have at balanced measure are dubbed as isotopes. This change in mass comes from the difference in neutrons that are present at the nucleus. An atom like helium typically has an atomic mass of 4.0026, but when two more neutrons are added, the atom becomes an isotope. Neutrons, also, given their neutral charge, do not affect the chemical behavior of an atom, but because they add weight to the whole of the atomic structure, they impact the physical behavior. Depicted above are two relatively comparative atomic models that give some visual as to how the dynamic of physical change, not chemical change, operates within determining the capacity of isotopes. The standard helium atom contains 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons, so the mass is an approximate 4 AMUs due to the combinative measure of 2 protons and 2 neutrons - electrons, again, contribute no applicable weight to the atom. In the helium ion seen next to the square helium element symbol, there are 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 4 neutrons. This means that the isotope is to be measured at 6 AMUs, with 4 neutrons being the added componentry which measures out with the 2 additional protons to complete a 6 AMU count. The physical weight of the atom is increased by 2 AMUs, because two neutrons were added. This concept is visually depicted by the 2 sequenced pairs of zeroes that find the top and bottom line of symbols completed with one proton symbol at the left end, at the top, and one proton symbol at the right end, at the bottom. Neutrons are added to the structure of an atom by way of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fission is when force naturally gravitates neutrons into the nucleus. Nuclear fusion is when atoms combine to form new nucleic combinatives wherein the neutron count increases by way of packing together the neutrons found in the resulting atoms. Neutron emission is when atoms lose neutrons by neutrons leaving the nucleus through the process of decay. The helium atom below is an example of neutron emission, due to the neutron seen in the upper left hand corner of the atom leaving from the nucleus. The process of decay is taking place in this instance, and it is enunciated further by the chemical concept of the atom losing physical weight, as physical weight is how an isotope is determined - not by atomic charge.
.png)
Molecules - H2O (Water Molecule)
Molecules are the combinative result of atoms that have combined to form a substance. From the hierarchical order which has been established, hot and cold move, by dichotomous measure, about matter and energy within time and space based constraints, wherein this conduction, as a process, composes atoms. Atoms then go on to form the architecture of elements via structural variance, and within that variance, ions and isotopes articulate a parted scape of that constituent spectrum as classificatory terms seen in unique chemical situations. From shifts in mass and charge, molecules then find their fitting as combinatory equations holistically formulated from the same rules that determine ions and isotopes. The different negative and positive charges that conduct atomic movement analogously fit to the rules seen in molecular activity by way of the bonds and behavior consistently exhibited within subatomic environments. Electrical disposition and atomic weight measure into molecular classification which, by theory, is infinitesimal due to the unending count of molecular combinations that result from arrayed mixations originating from the periodic table of elements.Seen above is an example of a molecular formula. It is the formula for water. Written out as H2O, there are seen, within its visual depiction, two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, with the two hydrogen atoms being held to the larger oxygen atom with a bond. There are three central bonds seen in molecular science termed as ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.
The hydrogen atoms of the above water molecule are being held to the oxygen atom via a covalent bond. A covalent bond is a bond that is formed when the molecular geometry of a unique chemical arrangement allows for the sharing of electrons at designated bond sites. When the charge of two or more atoms is able to maintain balance, the electrical charge conducted by electrons and protons suffices as a means of fusing atoms to form molecules.
Ionic bonds are defined by molecules that connect via electrical difference. All of the electrons in the outer shell (which is also called the valence) of one atom are transferred to another, thereby forming an electrical differential which naturally attracts the other atom to be seen in the molecular formulation. As one atom shifts a sufficient part of its negative charge to another atom’s electron cloud, the polarizing dynamic creates a difference that attracts the other atom via electrical deficit or surplus. It is a bond that operates on liken faculties as a covalent bond, but the atoms involved are in an ionic state, as opposed to a balanced, electrical temperament.
Metallic bonds are bonds that form between metallic ions and free electrons. As metallic atoms free up positively charged space, the negatively charged electrons orbiting around atoms of plausible structure bind to the ions to form metallic bonds. It can very much be considered as a principled reiterate of the inevitable culmination of hot and cold combinatives forming connections that fit within the thermodynamic environments of atomic activity.
Molecules also find their composition to be of unique geometric arrangement wherein the amount of an atom’s presence about a serial spatial scape impacts the shape of the molecule that each atom of the structure contributes to. The aforewritten factors impact this architectural compositry directly, and with the incorporation of electrical charge, weight difference, and bond composition, the zoology of molecular activity and categorical molecular type spans across the whole of what one would see within and across the broad scape that is human anatomy. Aside from cells (which are to be discussed in the next chapter), molecules, and all of that which composes their make, are uniform in their infinitesimal arrangements, so that when interacting with matter and energy at a molecular level, the environment is conducive to a universally interpretable commonscape, or universal fielding.
Cells
Cells compose different parts of the human anatomy, and as a point of summative genesis, the main cell - if not the only type of cell - which is found among any and all anatomical structures that compose the human body is classified as the animal cell. Within the animal cell there are different structures which are called organelles. By initial count, there can be written out fourteen different organelles which are found in the animal cell. They list as the nucleolus, the nucleus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, centrioles, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and the cell membrane. Each of these structures serve as integral portions to the cellular matrix of the body, and across the individuating compositry that composes the whole of the human anatomy, the architectural scape of the human body finds a serial means of interpretation down to an atomic level of interaction - with the cellular organelle zoology described above being the window into where atomic science finds its footing along the axes of surgical discipline and all other compounding methodologies.
The Nucleolus
The nucleolus is found within the nucleus of a cell, and it aids in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA as well as the formation of ribosomes. Nucleoli form briefly after mitotic cell division and also form around unique regions known as ‘nucleolar organizing regions’. A single animal cell nucleus can house one to several nucleoli. The nucleoli which span within this potentiate multitude contain genes that encode ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is integral to ribosomal protein synthesis. Ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the suspension fluid of the cell, the cytoplasm, and each ribosome contains, also, atleast one large molecule of rRNA and one small molecule of rRNA - both of which are synthesized in the nucleolus. To form new ribosomes, ribosomal proteins are transported to the nucleolus and are combined with the large and small rRNA molecules, creating the large and small subunits of the ribosome. These subunits are then returned to the cytoplasm for final assembly into functional ribosomes.
Nucleoli, along with being integral to ribosomal function and synthesis, are also theorized to play a role in the regulation of mitosis and the progression of the cell cycle. There is also the possibility of nucleoli being involved in the cellular stress response.
The Nucleus
The nucleus of the cell is where the nucleolus is found as well as the cell’s genetic material - also called DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. This organelle is integral to the DNA replication process as well as the instrumentation of protein synthesis, and it conducts this action, at a microscopic level, by way of enzymatic interaction with genetic material and the cultivate actuation of proteins capable of manufacturing necessary structural components. The integral ingredients of the above include the 46 chromosomes of the human body, and within that paired collection of 46 chromosomes, in a count of 23, they compose the chromosomal pattern of a human being. Each chromosome contains a copy of the DNA of the body. DNA is written out as deoxyribonucleic acid, and it functions in junction with ribonucleic acid, or RNA to help the body machine its operating genetic instructions. There are three main processes that are conducted about the nucleus, and each one is termed below.
DNA Transcription and DNA Translation
DNA transcription is the process of coding deoxyribonucleic acid into RNA.
It is conducted with the enzyme helicase splitting apart the double helix of the DNA and RNA polymerase following after by scanning for the individual nitrogenous bases which compose the 'inner-ladderings' of the DNA's structural double helix.
DNA houses the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, but RNA does not possess thymine, so uracil is used in its place. The pairings of a transcribed RNA strand then stand as adenine and uracil for one couple, and cytosine and guanine for the other.
Once the RNA polymerase enzyme has coded the necessary nitrogenous bases to form the messenger RNA (also written as mRNA) strand needed to code for the protein the body is needing, the DNA from the facilitating nucleus is rebound.
The mRNA that is made is then sent to a protein synthesis site where the individual nitrogenous bases are coded for individual amino acid types that come to compose the appropriate protein. The ribosome reads the codons in triplets, and each fully transcribed and translated sequence articulates to a specific protein.
DNA replication is the process of DNA copying itself to produce more DNA.
Helicase begins this process by unzipping the two sides of the DNA's double helix. Afterward, an enzyme called primase attaches a sequence termed as a 'primer' to mark a starting point for the nitrogenous bases to be coded for the replicated DNA. DNA polymerase then binds to the primer to make a new strand of DNA.
This process can only occur in one direction, so while helicase is parting the one DNA helix into two separate sides and DNA polymerase is coding the corresponding nitrogenous bases of the 5' to 3' side into place, the side that is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction is fitted with its nitrogenous bases in chunks as opposed to a continuous stream. However, both sides are primed prior, and from those positions, the two strands are composed to their corresponding formulations.
Eventually, the primers are removed with an enzyme by the name of exonuclease, and another DNA polymerase fills the gaps with the appropriate nitrogenous bases. The process is then completed with the enzyme 'DNA ligase' which seals both of the two newly formed strands of DNA to form.
DNA Geometry
As a rule of thumb, DNA can be thought of in a succinct modularity that is composed of four section pieces. There is a 5' (prime) phosphate end section that leads to a 5-carbon sugar termed as pentose. Pentose ends its modularity at a 3' (prime) deoxyribose end, and from the pentose extends a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine) that is matched on the opposite side of the DNA's helix.
The quartet outlined above is one that is mirrored throughout the whole of DNA's structure and is furthered serialized with the two bonds that are necessary to fully articulate the form which is composed of the above described modularity. Those two bond types are found between the prime ends of DNA's double helix siding and also between each nitrogenous base pair. The bonds between the prime ends are called phosphodiester bonds, and the bonds in between the nitrogenous bases are called hydrogen bonds. These two bond types and the above compartmentalized modularity make up the whole of what one would systematically house as DNA.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The rough endoplasmic reticulum, or the RER, is an organelle found within the cell that is composed of a series of flattened sacs which are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
It is named as such because of its physical appearance, and lining those same rough flattened layers are ribosomes. Ribosomes, again, are the organelles responsible for synthesizing proteins. It would then be that the rough endoplasmic reticulum serves the cellular matrix of the body by housing the organelles integral to translating messenger RNA into polypeptide sequences.
Those same sequences being the composite amino acid constructions dubbed as proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a meshwork of fine disklike tubular membrane vesicles found as a continuous membrane organelle within the cellular suspension fluid known as cytoplasm.
It is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids. Both of which serve as constituent building blocks for newly formed cellular membrane structures.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum organelle receives its name also from there being no ribosomes along, within, or about its form. It is dubbed as ‘smooth’ because it is comparatively smoother than its counterpart the ‘rough’ endoplasmic reticulum - which does contain ribosomes within its form.
The functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum can vary, also, depending on the cell type. In some cells, such as those found within the adrenal gland or certain endocrine glands, it plays a key role in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol.
In the liver, enzymes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum catalyze reactions that help process substances which otherwise would be harmful to the body. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also plays a role in the conversion of glycogen to glucose. From these capacities, one can discern that the region where the cellular localization of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found plays a role in how the organelle develops to serve with the body’s anatomy.
In skeletal muscle cells, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum occurs in a unique configuration known as the sacroplasmic reticulum. It serves the skeletal structure as well as the whole of the body’s anatomy as a calcium ion storage site wherein calcium ions are taken up from the cytoplasm and released when neural stimuli trigger the associated muscle cells. In this way, the sacroplasmic reticulum helps regulate calcium ion concentrations in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells.
In this modularity, the cellular specialization of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum comes to exemplify how organelles form to a general purpose that is refined by the anatomical locale where the structure and its specializations develop.
Golgi Apparatus
The golgi apparatus, also known as the golgi complex and the golgi body, is a membrane bound organelle composed of flattened, stacked pouchious figurations dubbed as cisternae.
The golgi apparatus is tasked with transporting, modifying, and packaging both proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery targeted destinations.
It is located in the suspensional cytoplasm fluid of the cell next to the endoplasmic reticulum near the cell nucleus.
Secretory proteins and glycoproteins, cell membrane proteins, lysosomal proteins, and some glycolipids all pass through the Golgi apparatus at some point in their maturation.
Golgi structure is architecturally polarized with three primary compartments lying between the two polarized faces. The two faces are dubbed as the ‘cis’ face and ‘trans’ face, and each of the two are biochemically distinct.
The enzymatic content of each segment is different as well, and as an additional structural dimension, the pouchious cis face membranes are generally thinner than the others.
Golgi bodies are made up of approximately four to eight cisternae, and the count would stand to vary by wrought cellular extraction.
Cisternae are held together by matrix proteins, and the whole of the golgi complex structure is cradled by cytoplasmic microtubules.
The three primary compartments of the apparatus are known generally as the cis, median, and trans layers. Cis modules are the cisternae located nearest the endoplasmic reticulum.
Medial modules are the central cisternae layers of the golgi apparatus, and the trans modules are the layers farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum.
The two networks modularly positioned at the rear and front of the golgi body’s cisternae are where the organelle’s traffic is received, sorted, and released. The proteins and lipids are received at the frontward ‘cis’ cisternae, and they are released at the rearward ‘trans’ cisternae.
Though, again, it should be that the positions are serially denoted in respect to reference of the endoplasmic reticulum. The cis compartment is closest to the endoplasmic reticulum, and the trans compartment is furthest. The medial module is, again, located in between.
The proteins and lipids received at the cis face arrive in clusters of fused vesicles. The vesicle bundles are sent through a trafficking compartment dubbed as the vesicular-tubular cluster. This trafficking structure is located between the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus.
Transfers of proteins and lipids are then conducted via the vesicular-tubular clusters binding, or fusing, to the cis cisterna membrane where the contents of transfer are passed into the lumen of the cis face cisterna. The lumen then receives the contents of the vesicular-tubular cluster and passes them along wherein the proteins and lipids are inevitably sent out via the trans face of the complex.
During this process of transportation, modification, and packaging, the proteins and lipids undergo modification and are then sent out to specific intracellular and extracellular locations.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are primarily responsible for generating large quantities of energy which is produced in the form of ATP, or 'adenosine triphosphate'.
Mitochondria organelles are found to be circular or elliptically shaped, and they measure within a cell to an approximate 0.5 to 10 micrometers.
Along with the role of energy production, mitochondria store calcium for cell signaling functions, generate heat, and mediate cell growth and death.
Mitochondria are not found in every cell, but their role in energy production is one that effects the whole body. This process is conducted through a chemical machination known as cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is actuated via the combination of glucose and oxygen where energy is released and carbon dioxide and water remain, or are present, afterward. The formula looks like this:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
The glucose is seen in the C6H12O6 molecule formula and oxygen is seen in the 6O2 formula. Carbon dioxide is seen in the 6CO2 formula and water is seen in the 6H2O formula.
Mitochondria conduct the conversion process for the body’s cellular energy with structures dubbed as cristae. Cristae house the protein modules which facilitate the processuation of energy production through combinative exchange sequence matrices.
The matrices contain the deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, of the mitochondrial genome and the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid, TCA, cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle).
The Krebs cycle metabolizes nutrients into by-products the mitochondrion can use for energy production.
The processes that convert these by-products into energy occur primarily on the inner membrane, which is bent into folds written earlier as cristae that house the protein components of the main energy-generating system of cells, the electron transport chain, or the ETC.
The ETC uses a series of oxidation-reduction reactions to move electrons from one protein component to the next, ultimately producing 'free energy' that is harnessed to drive the phosphorylation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to ATP.
This process, known as chemiosmotic coupling of oxidative phosphorylation, powers nearly all cellular activities, including those that generate muscle movement and fuel brain functions.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the organelle responsible for protein synthesis. They are found along the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum within eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes vary in form by the cells where they can be bound, and are composed of ribosomal proteins. These proteins are coded from ribosomal protein structures, and the organelle combinatively houses the instruments for protein synthesis. The ribosome organelle is then written as containing, both, ribosomal proteins as well as ribosomal RNA as the genealogical sequence from which the aforewritten constituents find base.
Centrioles
Centrioles transport substances in a cell. This is done with different products manufactured in the cell being marked with unique sugar-protein combinatives that act as signals to motor proteins.
The glycoproteins/motor proteins attach to the product, or the vesicle present in the product, and also attach to a microtubule. Each microtubule is arranged at the centriole of which each centrosome, the region of the cell where centrioles are found, has two.
Structurally, the centrioles anchor the microtubules that extend from it and contain the factors needed to create more tubules. The above process of microtubular organization is architecturally situated among nine sets of microtubules.
Each set is grouped in threes, and the triplicate sets are termed as triplet microtubules. Triple microtubules are modularly constructed of three concentric rings of microtubules that form together to compose the aforementioned hierarchical triplet sequencing of cellularly housed centriole morphology.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are specialized vesicles found within the boundaries of the cellular membrane.
Vesicles are spheres of fluid that are surrounded by a lipid bilayer. They are responsible for moving molecules around the cell as transports.
Lysosomes are only found in animal cells, and along with breaking down large molecules, they are also tasked with getting rid of waste. These processes are conducted by enzymes.
Lysosomal enzymes are able to digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which are recycled as waste. The internal conditions of the lysosomes are acidic, so that the environment can sustain the necessary reactions for breaking down enzymes. The reaction is called hydrolysis wherein an H2O, or dihydrogen monoxide molecule is added to a substance in order to break it apart. In this role, lysosomes are thought of as the digestive system of the cell because they breakdown the particulates and molecules present needing the appropriate processual action.
Lysosomes can digest several kinds of molecules like food molecules. These molecules enter the cell via the transport of endocytic vesicles and are broken down when the aforewritten vesicle fuses with the food molecule, so as to aid in conducting the specialized digestion.
Lysosomes also perform autophagy which is when malfunctioning organelles are destroyed, and this same action is done during phagocytosis when a cell engulfs a molecule in order to break it down.
There are white blood cells called phagocytes that machine the phagocytosis process by ingesting invading bacteria in order to break it down and destroy it, and the bacteria is enclosed by a vesicle that lysosomes fuse with. The lysosomes then break down the bacteria.
Considering the above, lysosomal structure can be summated to a sphere which maintains an aqueous internal environment constituent of suspension fluid and the enzymes integral to hydrolytic conduction.
The structures are formed by their morphological make up budding from the Golgi Apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The synthesizing proteins are then connected with the molecule termed as mannose-6-phosphate and transported to the Golgi Apparatus in vesicles. Afterward, they are packaged into lysosomes and deployed as cellular operants.
Vacuole
A vacuole is a space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm and structurally housed with membrane lining. Within the vacuole is fluid that fills the internal environment of the organelle. Vacuoles are integral to cellular function by way of aiding in storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, and the expulsion of excess water.
Vesicle
Vesicles are compartmentalized organelles that are architecturally situated within the matrices of a cell as cytoplasmically suspended modularities purposed with separating contents within the cells internal environment or a fluid based extracellular environment.
Liquids or gases can be found inside, and their function within and among cellular dynamics ranges from regulating buoyancy to secreting hormones.
Vacuoles are an example of the vesicular structure within the anatomies of the cellular narrative, and the word vesicle, itself, comes from the Latin word vesicula meaning small bladder. It can also mean somatic blister or volcanized geological gas bubbles.
There are many types of vesicles such as contractile vacuoles, synaptic vesicles, gas vesicles, extracellular vesicles, intracellular transport vesicles, intracellular secretory vesicles as well as intracellular vesicles involved in digestion.
Contractile vacuoles regulate the water content and ion content of a cell. This is done by the expanding and contractile movement of the organelle which functions as a water pump. When the pressure within a cell comes to be of necessary intervention, the differential enacted by the contractile vacuole aids as an integral facet of homeostatic cellular balance. Considering a pump used to evacuate the water taken on by the deck of a ship is a sound example in where the pump uses positive pressure, like the proton pumps of the contractile vacuole, to remove the water from the ship’s deck. If it were automatic, the pump would engage the same as the organic machinations of the contractile vacuole and expel the excess content as is needed. Structural composition orients itself around this integral facilitative design.
Synaptic vesicles are found at the point along the neuronal structure that sends messages out and are responsible for conducting the movement of neurotransmitting chemicals in and out of the relevant neurological structures.
This process is actuated within the cell via structural fusion wherein the electrochemical disposition of the synaptic region is altered allowing for the nerves and constituent neuronal bodies to operate within the appropriate lines of cellular behavior.
Gas vesicles are liken unto synaptic vesicles, in that the release, intake, and proper facilitation of gaseous mixtures and exchanges via unique chemical formulation - processuated by atomic thermodynamics - is performed within and along their structures as integral dimensions of cellular architecture. When different constructs within a cellular matrix are to be moved or positioned by unique throe, gas vesicles aid in facilitating that movement through the use of the aforewritten formulaic dynamics.
Extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, are found in the fluid located on the outside of the cellular environment. Extracellular vesicles process messages in between cells, operate as developmental facets in cell growth, and also work in the process of cell death. Exosomes also serve as integral constituents in cytoplasmic waste processing and the proteins from plasma membranes.
Intracellular vesicles involved in digestion include lysosomes which are small structures that are composed of enzymes that aid in breaking down different materials. As membrane bound organelles, lysosomes, within a vesicular context, maintain the ability to enact the digestion process as the constituents in combinative arrangements. Other membrane bound structures that facilitate digestion as a cellular function, when combined with lysosomes, orchestrate this activity via the multifaceted systemitry of the cellular matrix.
Intracellular transport vesicles are involved in the mass movement of materials from one cell to another. The name is termed from the intra-, or 'between', -cellular transport processes finding facilitative capacity via the vesicular architecture of the overarching anatomical matrix. As the necessary processes of movement find their means of conduction actuated by integral structuralisms, intracellular transport vesicles serve in the way of being operant carriers.
Intracellular secretory vesicles are liken unto the cargo carriers described above, but they are able to secrete the contents located inside. The constituents of the secreted contents range across different arrays of proteins and carbohydrates, but the central role they perform is one that sees to the structural integrity of the general, anatomical cellular matrix being held to the capacity of throe formed health via perpetual machination and design. In the same way that classical movement is of cyclical reiterate, intracellular secretory vesicles operate along the lines of internal organelle function by fulfilling tasks requiring storage, conduction, and secretory distribution.
Cytosol
Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cellular structures float. Cytosol, itself, can be written as a complex solution in which the constituents of cell life find suspension.
The suspending fluid of cytoplasm also constitutes unique life sustaining functions by maintaining a cellular environment where life takes place.
Cytosol contains proteins, amino acids, mRNA, ribosomes, sugars, ions, messenger molecules, and what would be in essence, the whole of a cell’s internal organelle matrix.
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton are filament systems, or fibre systems, that are found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
The cytoskeleton organizes cellular constituents, maintains the cell’s shape, and is responsible for the locomotion of the cell, itself, as well as the movement of the organelles found within it.
The filaments which conduct these processes are considered small, but this sized observance is in part accounted for by the variance of their individuated classification.
There are three major types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. They are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Actin filaments occur within cellular structure as meshwork bundles of parallel fibres. They help determine the shape of the cell and also aid in maintaining to the cellular substrate.
Microtubules are long filaments that can be found constantly assembling and disassembling, due to their crucial role in moving the daughter chromosomes to the newly formed daughter cells during mitosis.
Intermediate filaments, in contrast to actin filaments and microtubules, are very stable structures that form the true skeleton of the cell. Intermediate filaments anchor the nucleus and position it within the cell. They also aid in cellular elasticity and cellular tension.
Other proteins found within the cell can be considered as part of the intermediate cellular filaments. One of such name being septin, which assembles along the intracellular surface of the cell membrane and helps maintain cell structure.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is a thin membrane that surrounds every living cell with the integral structural purpose of provisioning the cell with an isolatudinous environment.
The constituents of the cell are all housed within the membrane, and they typically consist of large, highly-charged, water-soluble molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and other substances involved in cellular metabolism.
Surrounding the cell is an environment dubbed as the extracellular matrix, and considering the divisional integrity of the structure, it is of note to think of the membrane as a two fold mechanism. One purpose of its form is found in keeping the constituents of the cell within a defined structural context, and the other is to be an operant facilitator in what is and is not allowed in the cell.
Cell membranes are fundamentally composed of fatty-acid-based lipids and proteins. Of the two types of the aforewritten lipid-protein based arrangements, phospholipids and sterols constitute the principal complexes integral to the modular architecture of membranous systems. Both of the prior described building blocks operate along a spectrum of fat-soluble and water-soluble components. In this dichotomous dimensionality, the capacity to machine membrane mechanics via lipid-based and water-based structuralisms serves as a lead into the two general types of membrane proteins. One is termed as an extrinsic protein and the other is termed as an intrinsic protein. Extrinsic proteins are localized to the external regions of the cell membrane, and the intrinsic proteins are found within the lipid bilayer.
Transport and transitioning faculties incorporate an arena of factors with the central terms of this process being open channels, facilitators, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
Open channels allow for the direct movement of ionic particles into the cell.
Certain facilitators help solutes diffuse past the lipid screen, and other facilitators serve as pumps by forcing solutes through the membrane when they are of proper form.
While the aforewritten transmembrane activity is being conducted, endocytosis articulates when the extracellular environment is brought in, and exocytosis articulates when the internal environment is moved out. Both of which, however, involve the movement of materials as exchanged particulates.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process of cell replication. It is the process within human anatomy that produces body cells. It can be described within seven phases, and each of those phases is termed and written out below.
Interphase
Interphase is the phase in mitosis where what is called the 'parent cell' prepares to split into the two 'daughter' cells.
The chromosomes found within the parent cell count to the number of 46, and each one is composed of two chromatids and a centromere.
The centromere is the combinative matrix that binds the chromatids containing the DNA material of the chromosome together, and within the folds of the dualistic chromatid matrix, there is chromatin which serves as the central constituent of each chromatid.
All of the chromosomal anatomy described above then goes on to be conducted along fundamental steps of replication within the mitotic process.
Prophase
During the prophase, two structures termed as 'centrosomes' gravitate toward the parting nucleus of the parent cell with two tubular gatherings surrounding their respective forms.
One collection is termed as a gathering of microtubules called the mitotic spindle. The other is termed as an aster.
The mitotic spindle exists as a network of fibers between the two centrosomes, and the two asters present in the process are found as a radial array of microtubules surrounding each centrosome.
During the prophase, the cytoskeleton of the body cell separates, and the centrosomes push apart via the growing extending fibers of the mitotic spindle.
Prometaphase
During the prometaphase, the nucleus breaks apart, the growing microtubules of the phase cover the nucleic expanse, and microtubules specified as kinetochore microtubules form as structures purposed with attaching to the centromeres of the replicating chromosomes.
As the kinetochore microtubules connect to the centromeres, microtubules classified as polar microtubules push the two facilitating centromeres farther apart as they go through the process of separation.
Metaphase
In the metaphase, the centrosomes have settled at the opposite poles of the cell, and the asters have attached to the plasma membrane.
The chromosomes of the duplication process, at this stage, are lined along the medial plane of the cell - an "imaginary plane" called the metaphase plate.
Along the temporal track, at this stage, a checkpoint dubbed as the M-checkpoint ensures the attachment of the sister chromatids to the opposite ends of the mitotic spindle.
Once the kinetochore microtubules are attached to the mitotic spindle, a regulatory protein complex becomes activated allowing the mitotic cell to pass through the M-checkpoint.
Anaphase
In the anaphase, the enzyme separase cleaves the 'cohesins' that keep the paired 'sister' chromatids together, and the kinetochores attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes pull the chromatids apart.
From this separation, two different sets of chromosomes are formed. Motor proteins attached to the kinetochores, then, 'reel' the 'microtubule-chromatid' combinations to the opposite ends of the cell.
During this process, the microtubules come apart as they go, and the housing parent cell also elongates until the two sets of chromosomes are far apart.
Telophase
During this phase, two new nuclei form from the fragments of the original nucleus that came apart in the prometaphase. The chromosomes loosen up, the microtubules finish coming apart, and mitosis is complete.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis finishes the mitotic separation with dividing mechanics present in the two respective cells' cytoplasmic matrix.
The cytokinetic process starts with a cleavage furrow at the metaphase plate which is caused by actin microfilaments that 'pinches' the cell in two - liken unto what is seen in a drawstring motion.
Two identical daughter cells result, and the replication has finished.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process of sexual cell replication. It is the process within human anatomy that produces sex cells. The sex cells produced within the process of meiosis are called gametes. Male gametes are termed as sperm cells, and female gametes are termed as egg cells.
Meiosis is composed of two phases of cell division which are termed as Meiosis I and Meiosis II. They are described below.
Meiosis I
Prophase I
Prophase I begins with a diploid cell. The chromatin of that cell are composed of two uncoiled spread out sets of chromosomes, and there is one set of chromosomes from each parent in this array.
During this phase, the spread out DNA constituents of the chromatin condense and form solid chromosomes.
Each chromatid composing the solidified chromosomes is mirrored in sequencing across the centromere in such a way that the two individual chromatids are identical to one another.
As the process continues, a segment of its conduction - termed as 'synapsis' - sees each chromosome that has been formed from the prior described separate chromatin matter pair up with its corresponding homologous chromosome.
The paired chromosomes are then grouped in collections termed as 'tetrads'. Tetrads are pairs of chromosomes described further as gatherings of four chromatids composing homologous groupings of chromosomes.
Each chromosome contains genetic information called 'genes'. Genes are inherited from each parent, and the constituents of those genes are termed as 'alleles'.
During this part of meiosis, the alleles of the homologous chromosome pairs interact in a process called 'crossing over', or 'recombination', wherein they exchange segments of alleles.
Crossing over naturally happens in each chromosome gene sequencing resulting in uniquely different gene combinations. For this reason, every gamete is different from every other gamete.
As the phase goes on, the nuclear membrane found present within the cell where meiosis is taking place disappears, and centrioles - separating mechanisms - move to opposite ends of the cell where spindle fibers form from them to aid in the separation process.
Metaphase I
In metaphase I, the homologous chromosome pairs line up along the medial axis of the cell where the spindle fibers at the opposite ends of the cell attach to them.
Anaphase I
During anaphase I, spindle fibers separate the homologous chromosome pairs in each tetrad and pull them to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase I
After the above, the cell undergoes telaphase I where one chromosome from each homologous pair moves to the two separate poles.
The chromosomes present in this separation are still composed of their homologous 'sister' chromatids wherein the matching gene sequences from crossing over are still present in their respective forms.
(*It is integral to understand that each chromatid that has been separated is no longer identical because of the allele exchange recombination process that took place, so as to give the gene its unique sequencing.)
The spindle fibers attached to the centrioles disappear, and the nuclear membrane reforms around the two separated groupings of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
Finally, at the end of meiosis I, cytokinesis occurs where two daughter cells are formed gifting two genetically different haploid 'daughter' cells. Each haploid cell contains only one set of chromosomes consisting of paired sister chromatids.
Meiosis II
*In meiosis II, unlike in meiosis I, DNA does not replicate before meiosis II begins.
Prophase II
In prophase, the two haploid daughter cells containing one set of chromosomes from the initial 'two-set' diploid cell dissolve their respective membranes, and two centrioles move to the opposite ends of each cell where spindle fibers localize their positioning, accordingly.
Metaphase II
During metaphase II, the chromosomes in each cell line up at the equator and attach to the spindle fibers found at both poles.
Anaphase II
During anaphase II, the two constituent chromatids of each chromosome separate and move to the opposite poles. Once this separation occurs, they are called chromosomes.
Telophase II
During telophase II, the spindle fibers disappear and nuclear membranes reform.
Cytokinesis
In the resulting cytokinesis phase, the four genetically unique haploid daughter cells result wherein each cell only houses one set of chromosomes purposed for the sexual pairing conducted with two genetically unique cells from the two respective parent games that serve as the inevitable constituents for sexual reproduction.
General Stages of Growth for the Body
Beginning at pregnancy, the body is birthed shortly after and spends a relatively short physical period at infancy.
Childhood follows, and the years spent growing immediately after are spent as a teenager.
Time developing as a young adult then follows, and maturity ensues as the succeeding developmental stage.
The middle ages of adulthood come after, and elder years mark the ongoing dynamics of the biological processuations for the maturity of human life.
There is also a period dubbed as the beyond period. In this stage, the body begins to reflect the environment in which it has endured to a profoundly human degree, and the immunological narrative of life comes to flourish as a powerful scientific beginning into what can be heralded as a period of wrought sacred observance.
Religion holds this time as a grace established over disciplined notions, and in that period, the fundamentals accrued over a time determine the continuing healthful scope of living.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is defined as the process of the female body becoming the developmental housing for the conception, growth, and birth of a child.
Between men and women, when a child comes into the world, it is a result of pregnancy.
The process begins with the penis being inserted into the vaginal cavity, and following ejaculation, the seminal fluid passes into the vagina which travels along the female reproductive tract to an egg located within the lining of the Fallopian tube.
Found within that tract is the female's egg cell, or ovum, and after sexual preparation is performed as a response to sexual activity, the ovum loses its outer layer thereby allowing the sperm to enter into its structure as the counterpart mechanic integral to conception.
After the impregnating sperm has passed through the ovum’s walls, the head separates from the tail and fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell.
The two nuclei, one from the sperm cell and one from the egg cell, then fuse and organize their chromosomes for the mitotic processes of growth.
The zygote which comes to be as a result of the fertilized ovum initiates further the processes of fetal development by growing in cell count at the same time that it is traveling along the Fallopian tract to the uterine cavity.
It is in and along the uterine wall, where the zygote attaches, that the first stages of initial trimester progress. After three months, the second trimester can be written as beginning with vastly different and markedly noticeable morphology characterizing this stage in the pregnancy process. During pregnancy, the uterine wall is stretched and thinned by the child, or children, of birth wherefound the fluid uterine accumulate of suspended stasis resides. As the pregnancy goes, the uterus rises out of the pelvis and fills the abdominal cavity. The third trimester, marked at 7 months, is top-heavy for the uterus, so that as the morphology develops forward in position, the other surrounding internal structures of physiological, or general physiomorphic interrelation, are shifted in kind. Lightening, or dropping, may occur wherein the uterus may sink downward in the pelvis several weeks before term in a process that occurs as the fetal head descends into the pelvis. The gradated motion may be liken unto a rotation. Labor is what the body is preparing for.
From that point, labor is onset. The baby flexes into the appropriate position via processuated reflex. The head rotates internally, so as to allow for its exiting of the womb, and the baby begins its journey out of the mother into the world as a healthy and a strong child.
Birth
Childbirth, or parturition, is the process of bringing forth a child from the uterus, or womb. In theory, the thermodynamic point at which the environment, and more so “world”, inwhere the child is to live is traceable to a unique occurrence of invocation.
It may be from general, serial, knowledgeable, medicinal, legal, or thermodynamically sustainable causation, but the truth in the chemical event of parturition is found in the pathological endocrinologies needed as integral to what the biochemistry of the union represents.
The first stage of labor is dilatation. Early in this process, uterine contractions, or labor pains, occur at intervals of 20 to 30 minutes and last about 40 seconds. Slight pains in the back are felt in correlation to the onset of labor pains. As dilatation progresses, the contractions increase in intensity and frequency. Each contraction is designed to push the amniotic fluid out of the vagina with the child in step with its movement.
Labor, in this first stage, lasts for a significant period of time, and this is especially the case for women who are giving birth for the first time. For those who have given birth before, the labor period is shorter. This time frame is at it is, though, because the body is adjusting to the child’s mass leaving from the womb. Theory poses that this period of pain is one that is oriented around the orchestration of what would otherwise be a seamless process, in that the child would be of unique movement from the womb be it by other machination. The mechanics pan into how one would remove a baked frame from a sufficiently sized oven opening. As the child begins the initial stage of parting from the mother’s genital tract, a gradated spatial shift of volume creates the dimensional dynamics necessary for a parting from the mother’s uterus and vagina. This element of labor is compounded by the state of the woman’s morphology being conducive to change, movement, and even endocrinological disposition.
The second stage is expulsion. The contractions which are being conducted via expansion and tightening can be countered with movement facilitated from the mother that counteracts the dynamics of the acclimating birth canal. Careful breathing aids in how the mother is to do this, and with the stomach muscles being the primary means by which this is done, the internal pressure of the shifted reproductive tract is appropriately directed through breathing techniques.
Several different presentations are found in the finality of these two stages that articulate the orientation of the child as it is leaving the womb. From general directional measure, though, the baby moves through six different steps prior to exiting the womb and leaving the tract to its structural integrity. Written out, the six steps are termed as
'onset of labor'
'flexion'
'internal rotation of the head'
'extension'
'external rotation of the head'
AND
'uterine condition immediately afterbirth'.
The most significant determinants of the birthing process are found in the shape of the woman’s pelvis, spine, and reproductive tract as well as the child’s exiting dimensions. The six steps find summation as the child beginning its womb exit maneuver. This is the onset of labor. Flexion is when the child actuates a ‘flexing’ movement to propel its body out of the womb. Flexion is followed by the head rotating while inside of the womb, so as to morphologically position the child for furthered physiological development in the parturition. Once the head is properly framed, the child extends in a continuation of the prior described flex motion whereby extension is had, and, following, the head exits the womb in a propagating rotation wherein a full exit from the reproductive tract is executed.
Infant
The infant stage of life for a person is characterized by the period following immediately after birth. Ranging from the approximate range of 2 months to 9 months, infants develop from the first phases after birth to be children. In termed increments of 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 9 months, the developmental stages of infancy span to be a temporally gradated spectrum conducive to framing the period in a child’s life that moves them into the throes of dynamic social, emotional, linguistic, communicative, cognitive, locomotive, and physical growth.
In the aforewritten staggered allotments, each individual time frame is granting of a specific period in which the body is gradually progressing toward a different anatomical and psychological state. As the different measures come to compose the track along which the initial stages of infancy and childhood can be gauged, the whole of what may find itself to be at a conceptual basis inevitably manifests as a steady progression toward what the whole of this section on development is set to articulate.
Two Months
Beginning at two months old, an infant will show unique and specific signs of growth. Within the scope of social and emotional intelligence along with four markedly specific cues, their capacity (in respect to unique signals) paints a frame for how further behavior can be healthily and wholly acknowledged.
A two month old infant will gradate toward responses conducive to calming down when they are picked up. Looking directly at the face of their parents will be a discernable trait of character. Expressing happiness when seeing their parents can be seen in developing behavior, and smiling when interacted with or spoken to is a trait that naturally compounds with the same processual notions.
Linguistics and other modes of communication will find a mark in how sounds other than crying will become recognizable, and reactions to loud sounds will be a uniquely recognizable evolutionary trait. The behavior originates from being aware of one’s surroundings, so as to be able to predict, interpret, and take advantage of different environmental cues.
Distinct movement skills and developmental physicalities, the same as the above, find origin about the two month age of growth.
While on the stomach, the child’s neck muscles will lift up its head to elevate the skull. Both pairs of arms and legs will move, and the hands will open showing the inevitable ability to articulate meticulous appendage movements.
Four Months
By the time the child has reached four years of age, smiling in order to acquire the attention of persons will be evident. Knowledge of interactive jovial exchange will be found as a naturally gradated expression, and attention-seeking to maintain the unique focus of intercommunicative dynamics will begin to become apparent as a skill integral to cultivate maturation. Milestones oriented around linguistic communication, making simple sounds and onomatopoeic expressions, responding when stimulated, as well as physically directing their body toward auditory calls, broadly measures the abilities served as gradated capacities indicative of growth.
Cognition furthers the above with the compounding behaviors of signaling with the mouth for feeding and viewing the hands as points of interest.
Physical capacity at this stage is characterized by the ability to hold the head steady without support when being held, maintain grasp of items, use the arms to swing (or move with toys), bring the hands to the mouth, and push up from stomach bound positions.
Six Months
At six months of age, the child will know familiar people, look at their self knowledgeably in reflective surfaces, and laugh with serial and emotional intelligence.
Communication will stand to be marked by intelligible auditory exchange, dynamic oral capacity, and energetic noise making.
Cognitive throes will be marked in liken capacity, as the mouth will be seen as instrumental to learning of the environment.
'Acquiring' will be of note the same, in that grabbing and handling objects of interests will come to compound abilities of problem-solving, with oral signaling during feeding emphasizing further what would be discerned from milestones oriented around cognition.
Milestones indicative of physical and locomotive increase span from the ability to roll from the stomach to the back, push up straight from a downward-facing laying position, and lean on the hands to support the body when sitting. Natural developments of physiological progress stand, then, as capacities of gradually accumulate character and form.
Nine Months
The narrative of developmental processuation grows on, as the social and emotional milestones seen at nine months come to show multifaceted complexes of compounded denotative scapes. Being wary of strangers, showing a variant range of facial expressions, looking when called by name, reacting when nearby persons leave the room, and smiling and laughing during play all serve as cues housing of milestones seen in the complexes of social and emotional development.
The above continues the same within the scape of linguistic mechanics wherein a plethora of sounds come to be of arrangement by voiced expression, and body language graduates toward articulating an expected response.
The cognition found as an inherent intrinsincy in the above goes on to speak of line-of-sight problem solving by way of the natural intercombinative spectra of relevance seeded in the physiomorphic psychologies of conceptually based development. A nine month old child will look for objects when dropped out of sight and will also feel comfortable gaining contextual tactile knowledge with dynamic object-handling.
Movement milestones layer the processuated throes of the above in the way of articulating how the infant is able to position their person into a sitting position, move things from one hand to the other, use the fingers specifically for tactile tasks, and sit without support.
One Year
At one year of age, children may be open to playing games, and waving bye comes to be a communicant behavior which can be expected of them. Their parents can be signaled by their respective gender assignments of male and female, and when “no” is spoken, it is understood by the child the same.
Cognition follows in step as a milestone advanced with indicators like the capacity to put something in a container and foster curiosity in seeking hidden things (i.e. a toy under a blanket).
Locomotive development and physiological capacity span into the ability to pull their body’s up to stand and also walk while holding on to furniture. The physical skill of drinking from a cup with no lid comes to be a sufficient practice, and picking up objects between the thumb and pointer finger comes to be a patterned habit.
Fifteen Months
Three months past the one year mark, social and emotional behaviors range from copying other children while playing and taking toys out of a container. The child will show objects that they like as well as show excitement with clapping and maybe even hugging for dolls and toys.
Linguistic communication grows from saying mother and father signals to mourning familiar objects. Directions with verbal and physical signals are understood and pointing or gesturing in kind can be performed the same.
Cognitive milestones such as correctly using a phone, cup, or book come to be regularly exhibited and object combinatives like building and stacking blocks are developed in kind. Physical steps of development like walking on their own and feeding their persons all gradate as points of growth in processual aging.
Eighteen Months
Children by this age are comfortable with moving away from their parents but always make sure they are close by while walking in a living room or park area.
They are able to point and show you something interesting, put their hands out to wash them, look at pages in a book, and aid in the dressing process by pushing their arms through sleeves and shoes.
Language spans into multiples, and one-step directions are received correctly. Physical development moves in tandem with the above with select capacities found as naturally occurring milestones in growth manifest as natural correlates. Walking without holding on to anything, or anyone, is a capacity of note. Scribble production may be seen as well, along with drinking from a cup made without a lid, feeding their self with fingers, using a spoon, and climbing on and off a couch or chair without help.
Two Years
The social and emotional cues evolve to compose understanding regarding the display of hurt or anger by others. This is done by pausing or looking sad, and reflecting the emotion, even, when someone is displaying an upset disposition. The face remains of indication, also, by the signs given as reactions.
Linguistic communication grows, with recognition, into audiovisual inquiry, in respect to interpreting images and responsive dialogue.
Cognitive milestones exhibit dual role tasks like handling lidded containers, using switches, knobs, buttons, and playing with multiple toys in the way their designed.
Physical capacity is found to grow in kind at this age, with kicking running, walking upstairs, and eating with a spoon being among these capacities.
Thirty Months
At 30 months of age, children play with other children, call attention to their persons, and are able to follow simple routines such as “clean-up time” and spoken instructions.
Linguistic communication follows along with the articulation of an expansive word set ranging about 50 words as well as the use of verbs, responses to literary visuals, and references to their person in respect to pronouns.
Cognitive milestones can be seen in replicating real world activities with toys and play objects. Eating, problem solving, instruction following, and color recognition are among these replicated behaviors.
Physical development moves in step with this processual pathology by way of growing into complex, compounded actions and behaviors. Unscrewing lids, twisting door knobs, dressing their persons, jumping from the ground, and turning through the pages in a book are where these physical faculties find developmental facing.
Three Years
Three years of age brings the child to a place where being calmed and left to play with other children is an expected social behavior.
Language and communication skills evolve to be back and forth exchanges. Questions like who, what, where, and why join their vocabulary. Interpreting and articulating the pictures in a book come to be actionable expressions. Responding to cues in name preference are held to notion, and talking well enough to be understood by others the first time is also an integral developmental trait. Comprehending art, or basic shapes, is of note in cognitive faculty, and survival mechanisms oriented around avoiding dangers such as hot objects and heeding warnings are also of sort. Composing crafts and dressing their persons remain of note along with using sharper utensils like a fork.
Four Years
Advancing past three years to four, pretend play, playing with friends, being caring, heeding danger, helping ambitiously, and appropriate behavior all find form along the developmental boundaries of social and emotional complex.
Linguistic communication finds correlation with the above as a milestone set measured by the use of speech containing four or more words, the recitation of song, capacitative recollection of daily activities, and being able to answer simple questions falls in step as a measureable developmental progression.
Cognitive milestones span across noting the color of items, following along well enough in a story to articulate what is next, and drawing rudimentary human anatomy. Athleticism, personal meal preparation, dressing, and proper utensil and tool use are all seen at this age as well.
Five Years
At fives years old, following rules and playing games with other children is an expected behavior as well as singing, dancing, and acting. Performing simple chores such as matching socks and clearing the table are also seen at this age.
Linguistic communication evolves to consist of narrative composition, literary comprehension, delineative exchange, and song rhyme principles.
Cognitive milestones compound the above with number counting skills, number symbol recognition, temporal tracking, an increased attention span during activities, writing letters, and naming letters, the same.
Movement and physiological capacity are seen in using buttons and developing gradated balancing ability.
Adolescence
Adolescence is the period of time between childhood and adulthood. Ranging between thirteen and nineteen years of age, adolescent youth mark an age dubbed as the “teenager” age, and during this period, the physical, intellectual, psychological, social, and moral development of a child is highly dynamic and vitally prevalent in its culmination.
Physically, the body changes, and the release of maturing hormones actuates endocrinological processes conducive of growth. The body grows and changes, and the mind does the same. The testicles and penis' of males increase in size, and the hormones facilitated among their physiological morphology move by a different rhythm. For females, the endocrinological disposition shifts by varying dynamics to develop their sexual capacities in kind.
Cognitive development occurs in tandem with the brain wiring to the adaptations and processes present in its form, as results of patterned psychologies manifest as physical occurrences. Abstract thinking, reasoning skills, impulse control, creativity, problem solving abilities, and decision making skills all find growth during this period.
Late Adolescent
Physical development is mostly complete at this stage, with cognitive development at this stage reaching adult levels the same. Emotional stability, self control, complex social relationships, and responsibility in independence are all seen as having the gradated processuated structure of complete by relative measure.
Adulthood
Adulthood is the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained.
Elder Years
The elder years of human life are characterized by healthy, wholesome living. The body’s full anatomy is at a point where a natural mode of living is classically established, and the dynamics of health that find their processuation to be of developmental phasing are set in such a way that one’s personal health is at a firm, resolute regimen conducive of continued, propagable living.
Sexual intercourse
The act of engaging in sexual intercourse, as a man, comes in the form of four primary stages.
- When the penis is aroused, it means harm has taken place within humanity.
- When the penis is erect, it means a wound has been taken on by humanity.
- When the penis ejaculates, it means death in humanity.
- A flaccid penis is denoted by life in humanity.
A woman maintains three stages in kind. They are written below.
- When the vagina is aroused, it means harm in humanity.
- When the clitoris of the vagina is erect, it signifies a wound in humanity.
- An unaroused, or 'flaccid', vagina means life in humanity.
As an integral element to holistically understanding the above, one should always be able to understand the natural counterpart of 'food' when sex is of discussion (naturalism) as well as 'sex' when food is of discussion (maturity).
No comments:
Post a Comment